JACKSOH, JOHN, R.A. 



.U< OB. 



with two Indian chiefs, and Kobert C. Ambrister, a few days after- 

 ward*, on an excursion which the force made from that pott to destroy 

 a neighbouring Indian village. The two Indian chiefs were hanged 

 at one*, and without trial; the justification urged being that by their 

 own usual practice in like cam, and by the general manner in which 

 they carried on war, the Indian triboa were to be considered u having 

 put themMlre* beyond the pale of the ordinary law of nation*. 

 Arbuthnot and Ambrister were both, after a few days' confinement, 

 tried at St. Mark's by court martial, when Arbuthnot was sentenced 

 to suffer death, and AmbrUter to be whipped and further confined, 

 but General Jackson annulled the latter sentence, and Arbuthnot was 

 hung and AmbrUter shot. Jackson's biographers assert that there 

 could be no doubt that these persons were acting in concert with the 

 Indians. But even to take the lives of Indian prisoners of war was 

 an extreme proceeding, and one of very doubtful propriety; the 

 charge upon which the two Englishmen were tried was only the very 

 vague one of " inciting the Indiana to war ; " in these circumstances 

 it was certainly a startling exercise of military power for a general to 

 set aside the sentence of a court-martial, as was done in the case of 

 Ambrister. But Jackson himself vindicated what he had dune, on 

 the ground that Arbutlmot and AmbrUter, by lugiating in war against 

 the United States while they were at pence with Great Britain, became 

 outlaws and pirates ; thus resting their liability to suffer death, when 

 taken prisoners of war, not on the ground of their having united their 

 fates with savages, but on that of their having been the subjects of a 

 power with which the United States were at peace a principle alto- 

 gether unknown to the law of nations. However, although a stout 

 fight was made in Congress by the opposite party, Jackson's friends, 

 supported by the feeling out of doors, where his military reputation 

 snd his ultra-democratic professions bore down everything, carried a 

 succession of votes in his exculpation by large majorities. The judg- 

 ment of impartial men will place this among the least defensible class 

 of military executions. 



General Jackson afterwards acted as commissioner on the part of 

 the United States in the negociation with Spain for the transference of 

 Florida ; and after the arrangement of the treaty to that effect he was, 

 in 1821, appointed the first governor of the province. He held this 

 post for a year, and was then again elected a member of the senate 

 for the state of Tennessee. 



When the election of a new president came on at the end of 1824, 

 General Jackson was a candidate, along with Mr. Adams, Mr. Clay, and 

 Mr. Crawford ; and on the first vote he had a large majority over the 

 nearest of hU competitors. No candidate however having the majority 

 required by the constitution, the election devolved upon the House of 

 Representatives, and Adams was elected. Jackson however was 

 elected in 1S2S, and again in 1832; BO that ho was at the head of the 

 government of his native country for the eight years from 1820 to 

 1837. His presidency was distinguished by the rapid growth and 

 extension of democratic tendencies of all kinds; and, at the same 

 time, of both the spirit of territorial extension, with its near conse- 

 quences, conquest, and war, and of the influence of the southern 

 states and the slavebolding interest; but the subject in regard to 

 which the president personally came forward in the most conspicuous 

 manner was in the affair of the United States Bank. This bank, the 

 renewal of the charter of which was the ostensible matter in dispute, 

 was a powerful instrument in the hands of the general government ; 

 and hence the renewal of its charter, though supported by both 

 houses of Congress, was resisted, and successfully, both by the 

 popular voice and l>y the president whom that voice had placed iu 

 office, and who had been one of the most hardened and resolute of the 

 democratic leaders throughout bis life. 



General Jackson survived his presidency about eight years, and died 

 at bis seat called the Hermitage, near Nashville, in Tennessee, on 

 Sunday the Sth of June 1845. He was married, but had no issue. 

 A colonal statue has been erected to his memory in President's-squaro, 

 Washington. 



JACKSON, JOHN, R.A., was born in 1778 at Lastinghom, iu York- 

 shire, where bis father carried on the business of a tailor, and he was 

 himself bred to the same business. He however hated his occupa- 

 tion ; he had seen the collection of Lord Mulgrave, and the pictures 

 at Castle Howard, and he had a strong inclination to become a painter. 

 An attempt which he made to imitate a picture by Hoynolds was 

 shown by his schoolmaster to Lord Mulgrave, who perceiving iu it 

 and other", notwithstanding their crudeness, some talent, supplied 

 Jackson with proper materials, and encouraged him to go on. Lord 

 SI ulgrave and Sir Ueorge Beaumont purchased the two years of Jackson's 

 unexpired apprenticeship, and Sir Qeorge, in 1797, gave him an 

 allowance of iO(. per annum, and an apartment in his house in town, 

 to enable him to prosecute his studies at the Royal Academy. 



Jackson soon obtained a name for his portraits in black-lead pencil 

 and water-colour*, but it took him many yean to equal the successful 

 oil-painters of that day. He first attracted notice in this department 

 about 1806, and in 1817, when he was elected a member of the Royal 

 Academy, bis reputation was little inferior to that of Lawrence, though 

 be was comparatively little patronised; bu portraits were bold and 

 effective, but they wanted the delicacy of the works of Lawrence. 

 Jackton could paint five beads while Lawrence was painting one. In 

 the summer of 1819 he vi-ited Rome in company with Cbautrey, and 



painted for him there a portrait of Canova, Jackson astonished tlio 

 Roman painters, says Cunningham, by copying in four days the liorg- 

 beae Titian of ' Sacred and Profane Lore/ a* it U called a picture 

 which many Komans required two or three months to copy : Passavant 

 says, the figure of ' Divine Lore,' in three days, which is more likely ; 

 the rest of the picture U scarcely worth copying. Jackson was elected 

 a member of the Academy of St. Luke, at Home. He was in all his 

 works extraordinarily rapid and sure. A story is related, that be com- 

 menced and finished in a single summer's day, as a wager, the portraits 

 of five gentlemen: he received 25 guineas for each of them 125 

 guineas in one day; probably no painter ever earned as much by his 

 own labour before. The story is told by Passavaut Jackson died at 

 his house in St John's Wood on June 1, 1831. His best works are 

 the portraits of Lady Dover, of Flaxman, and of himself, both painted 

 for Lord Dover, and the portrait already mentioned of Canova. He 

 painted in all the portraits of thirteen of hU fellow academicians, 

 but that of Flaxman is in all respects the best : it is indeed one of 

 the finest portraits in the world. 



Jackson exhibited in all, at the Royal Academy, between the years 

 1804 and 1830, 145 pictures; he of course painted very many portraits 

 that were not exhibited, for he was Utterly constantly etnjil >\< .1. His 

 nominal price for a bead was fifty guineas, and though he must have 

 been making a Urge income, he di< d without leaving a provision for 

 hU family. He was twice married; hU tccoud wife, who en: 

 him, was the daughter of bis fellow-academician, Ward. 



(Cunningham, Live* of Brilith Painlert, Ac. : Passavant, Kurutreuc 

 (lurch England, <tc.) 



JACKSON, WILLIAM, who alone U almost sufficient to refute the 

 opinion too generally entertained even in this country, that the 

 English have no school of music, was born iu 1730, at Exeter, of 

 which, place his father was a highly respectable tradesman. He 

 there received a liberal education, and having evinced distinct proofs 

 of musical genius, was placed under the tuition of the organist of the 

 cathedral, but completed hU professional studies in London, under 

 the celebrated Travers, of the Chapel-Royal. He returned to and 

 settled in his native city, and in 1777 was appointed sub-chanter, 

 organist, lay-vicar, and master of the choristers of the cathedral. 



Jackson first made himself known as a composer by the publication 

 of ' Twelve Songs,' which immediately spread his fame throughout the 

 kingdom. His next work was ' Six Sonatas for the Harpsichord ; ' 

 but this proved unsuccessful : big power was in vocal mimic in giving 

 melodious expression to good lyric poetry, of which he always made a 

 judicious choice, HU third work, 'Six Elegies for Three V. 

 completely established his reputation ; they are, and will continue to 

 be, admired by all who have a cultivated unprejudiced love of the art. 

 This was followed by hU Opera iv., consisting of twelve more songs, 

 among which is, if we mistake not, the very lovely air, ' Go, gentle 

 Gules ; ' and subsequently he published two other sets of the same 

 number of songs iu each, many of which deserve to bo rescued from 

 that neglect to which fashion that is, the rage for novelty has con- 

 demned them. His 'Twelve Canzonets for Two Voices,' all of them 

 more or less ingenious and pleasing, were once the delight of every 

 musical circle. Of these, 'Time has not Thinned my Flowing Hair' 

 has lost none of its charms ; aud ' Love in thine Eyes for ever Playa ' 

 is a duet familiarly known to most, if not all, persona of taste in the 

 British Isles. Of his three dramatic compositions, ' The Lord of the 

 Manor ' alone survives. The exquisitely tender air in this, ' Kncoin- 

 pasa'd in an Angel's Frame,' U one among the many admirable things 

 in the opera ; the words by General Burgoyue, who iu a preface to 

 the drama pays a well-deserved compliment to the composer. 



Jackson of Exeter, as he U usually called, was not only a musician 

 and composer of great originality and grace, but an able, though 

 somewhat caustic, musical critic, and a writer of no ordinary powers. 

 HU 'Thirty Letters on Various Subjects,' and his 'Four Ages, together 

 with Essays on Various Subjects,' exhibit a very unusual reach of 

 thought and extent of knowledge, and in them may be found the 

 germs, and sometimes much more than the germs, of much that has 

 gained later writers credit for acutenesa and even profundity. He 

 writes in a pleasing and perspicuous style, and the works are in every 

 way of a superior order of merit. 



Jackson was no mean proficient in the sister art of painting. He 

 chiefly employed his pencil in landscapes, making his friend Gains- 

 borough hU model; and it has been said, perhaps rather hyperbolically, 

 that he occasionally imitated him so well as almost to become a kind of 

 rival. Jackson died iu 1803, at the age of seventy-three. 



JACOB, the father of the founders of the twelve tribes of Israel, 

 was the sou of Isaac and Rebekah, and the younger twin-brother of 

 Esau. " Of all the patriarchs," says Bishop Hall, " none made so little 

 noise in the world as Isaac ; none lived either so privately or to inno- 

 cently." The early events of his life are given under ABRAHAM, and 

 during his father's life the Scriptures relate hU characteristic marriage 

 with Rebekah. For twenty years, and until be was sixty years old, 

 be was without issue ; but at length, after repeated prayer, his wifo 

 Save birth to the hairy Esau and to Jacob in B.C. 1993. Jacob was 

 the mother's favourite, a mild placid lad, giving attention to the flocks 

 and herds of hU father; while Esau was a "cunning hunter," aud 

 gained Isaac's favour by gifts of venison. Of course Jacob was made 

 aware of the promise to Rebekah that " the eldeet should serve tho 



