JAMKS IT. (OFKNGI.AM'. 



JAMES, OEORQB PAYNK U \1NSKORD. 



. I 



one of the member*, who hail ventured to observe, when the king's 

 answer was read, that he hoped they won- til Englishmen and not to 

 b* friffaUoed by few ban! words, waa even sent by n rote to the 

 Tower for hi* audacity. In the Lords a more formidable opposition 

 named to be threatened, to get rid of which the parliament wu 

 prorofraed after it had tat for little more than a week. One of the 

 acta of thU parliament wmi to extinguish completely the liberty of the 

 praa l.y the revival of an act originally passed for two yran in 1662 

 (the IS and 14 Car. II., e. S3), and afterward* extended for seven yran 

 in lrtl (by the 16 Car. II., c. 8). 



James's peraerering attempt* however to establish the dispensing 

 power, which in the particular instance he chose to begin with was an 

 attack upon the established religion as well as upon the law, erentnally 

 involved him in a dispute with the Church, which waa productive of 

 the moat important consequence.'. In the beginning of April 1687. 

 he published a declaration at once suspending and dispensing with nil 

 the penal laws against Dissenters, and all testa, including even the 

 oaths of allegiance and supremacy, directed to be taken by persons 

 appointed to offices civil or military. In Ireland all places of power 

 under the crown were immediately put into the hands of Catholics. 

 The .Earl of Castlemaine was at the fame time publicly sent an 

 ambassador extraordinary to Rome, to express the king's obeisance 

 to the pope, and to effect the reconcilement of the kingdom with the 

 holy see. In return the pope sent a nuncio to England, who resided 

 openly in London during the remainder of the reign, and was solemnly 

 received at court, in face of the act of parliament declaring any com- 

 munication with the pope to be high treason. Four Roman Catholic 

 bishops were consecrated in the king's chapel, and sent to exercise the 

 cpi.-copul function, each in his particular diocese. Even in Scotland 

 and Knglaud, as well as in Ireland, offices of all kinds, both in the 

 army and in the state, were now filled with Roman Catholics ; even 

 those of the ministers and others who had shown themselves disposed 

 to go farthest along with the king were dismissed, or visibly lost his 

 favour, if they refused to conform to the ancient religion. An attempt 

 had already been made to compel the University of Cambridge to 

 confer a degree of Master of Arts on a Benedictine mouk. This was 

 not persevered in ; but soon after a vacancy having happened in the 

 presidency of Magdalen College, Oxford, the vice-president and fellows 

 were ordered by royal mandate to fill it up by the election of a person 

 named Farmer, a late convert to popi-ry (for whom was afterwards 

 substituted Parker, bishop of Oxford, who avowed himself a Romanist 

 at heart), and on their refusal were cited before an ecclesiastical 

 commission, and expelled. On the 27th of April 1688, the king pub- 

 lished a second declaration of indulgence to Dissenters from the 

 Established church, and commanded it to be read by the clergy imme- 

 diately after divine service in all the churches. On this Bancroft, 

 archbishop of Canterbury, and six bishops, Lloyd of St. Asaph, Ken 

 of Bath and WelU, Turner of Ely, Lake of Chichester, White of 

 Peterborough, and Trelawny of Bristol, met in the archbishop's 

 palace at Lambeth, the 18th of May, and drew up a petition to the 

 king, representing their aversion to obey the order, for many reasons, 

 and especially because the declaration was founded upon such a dis- 

 pensing power as parliament had often declared illegal. For this they 

 were all, on the 8th of June, sent to the Tower, and afterwards, on 

 the 2'jtli, bruiuht to trial before the Court of King's Bench, on the 

 charge of publishing a false, fictitious, malicious, pernicious, and 

 seditious libel, when a verdict of Not Quilty was pronounced by the 

 jury, which was received with acclamations by the whole kingdom as 

 a great national deliverance. This defeat however in no degree 

 checked at the moment the infatuated king. To quote the nummary 

 of Hume, " He struck out two of the judges, Towel and llolloway, 

 who had appeared to favour the bishops ; ho issued orders to prose- 

 cute all those clergymen who had not read his declaration, that i, 

 the whole Church of England, two hundred excepted ; he sent a 

 mandate to the new Fellows whom he had obtruded on Magdalen 

 College to elect for president, in the room of Parker lately deceased, 

 one Clifford, a Doctor of the Sorbonne, and titular bishop of Madaura: 

 and he U even aaid to have nominated the fame person to the see of 

 Oxford." It waa in the midst of this Rreat contest with the Church 

 and the nation that, on the 10th of June, a sou was announced to 

 have been born to James, a piece of intelligence which was very gene- 

 rally received with a atrong suspicion that the child was supposititious 

 and that the queen bad never been delivered or pregnant at all. For 

 this notion however it is now generally admitted that there was no 

 good ground. 



James's son-in-law, the Prince of Orange, had not been nn unob- 

 servant spectator of what was passing in England, and to him the 

 hope* of the English people were now very generally turned. The 

 heads of the several parties in the state, though probably with no 

 great definitooee* or complete union of views, joined in applying to 

 him for his assistance to save the public liberties; and he at last made 

 up his uiiud to comply with their solicitations. Having set sail with 

 a 8cet of about CO men-of-war and 300 transports, on board of which 

 was a land force of about 14,000 men, ho landed, on the 6th of 

 November, at Wrexham, in Torbay, Devonshire. Before the end ol 

 that month James found himself nearly deserted by everybody ; all 

 were gone over to the prince, the people, the gentry, the nobility, the 

 army, his immediate servants and friends, evon his children. In the 



night of the 12th of December, having previously sent over the queen 

 and the young prince to Franco, he embarked with a single attendant in 

 a boat at Whitehall Stain, with the intention of proceeding to the same 

 country, but was driven back by contrary winds, and forced the next 

 day to land at Krvcrsham, from which he returned on the 16th to \ 

 lull. The next day the Prince of Orange, having arrive:! with his army 

 .n London, desired James to leave the palace, on which he proceeded to 

 Rochester, and on the 23rd embarked from that port on board a 

 frigate, in which he waa convoyed to Amblcteufe in Hrittany. Hence 

 lie repaired to St. Qermains, where Louis XIV. received him with 

 jreat kindness, gave him the castle of St. Germains for bis residence, 

 nd settled on him a revenue sufficient to support the expenses of his 

 small court. 



Meanwhile the English crown was settled upon the Prince and 

 Princess of Orange as King William III. and Queen Mary. 

 WimtM III.] In the beginning of March in the following year 

 James, "having sailed from Brest, landed at Kinsale, and thence 

 immediately marched to Dublin, with a small force with which he 

 bad been supplied by the French king. A few weeks after I 

 siege, to Londonderry, which however he was not able to reduce, 

 although his forces continued to encompass it for three months : 

 it was relieved. He himself, returning to Dublin, held a parlia: 

 and for some time continued to exercise the rights of sovereii-My in 

 that capital ; but after various military operations, the detail of which 

 belongs properly to the history of the next reign, his cause was 

 finally ruined by the signal defeat which he received from King 

 William in person at the battle of the Boy no, fought on the Ht of 

 July 1690. He soon after returned to France, and continued to reside 

 at St Qermains till hi* death, September 6th 17"1. 



By his first wife, Anne Hyde, James II. had the following children : 

 1, Charles, duke of Cambridge, born at Worcester House in the 

 Strand, October 22nd, 1660, died May 5th, 1661 ; 2, Mary, afterwards 

 queen of England; 3, James, duke of Cambridge, born July 12th, 1663, 

 died June 20th, 1667 ; 4, Charles, duke of Cambridge, born July 4th, 

 1664, died May 22nd, 1667 ; 5, Anne, afterwards queen of England ; 

 <i, Edgar, duke of Cambridge, born September 14th, 1667, died June 

 8th, 1671; 7, Henrietta, born January 13th, died November 15th. 1C69; 

 and, 8, Catherine, born February 6tb, died December 5th, 1671. By 

 his second wife, Mary of Modena, who survived till the 8th of May 

 1718, he bad 9, Charles, duke of Cambridge, born November 7th, 

 died December 12th, Ifi77; 10, Catherine Laura, born January Kith. 

 died October 4tb, 1675; 11, Isabella, born August 23th, 1676, died 

 March 2nd, 1681; 12, Charlotte Maria, born August 15th, died October 

 6th, 1682; 13, James Francis Edward, prince of Wales, stj led the 

 Elder Pretender, born June 10th, 1688, died at Rome December 80th, 

 1765 ; and, 14, Maria Louisa Tercsia, born at St. Germains, June 28th, 

 1692, died April 8th, 1712. He had aleo the following illegitimate 

 issue : 1, By Arabella, sister of John Churohill, afterwards duke of 

 Marlborough, Henrietta, born 1670, married Sir Henry Woldegrave, 

 afterwards created Baron Waldegrave, died April 3rd, 1730; 2, by the 

 same, James, surnanied Fitzjames, bora in 1671, created Duke of 

 Berwick in 1687, died June 12th, 1734 ; 3, by the same, Henry Fitz- 

 james, styled the Grand Prior, born 1673, died December 7th, 1702; 

 4, by the same, a daughter, who became a nun in France; 5, by 

 Catherine, daughter of Sir Charles Sedley, created in 1686 Countewi of 

 Dorchester for life, Catherine, born 16S1, married 1699 to James 

 Annesley, earl of Anglesey ; secondly, after having obtained a divorce 

 from him, to John Sheffield, duke of Buckingham; died in 1735. 



James II. employed part of the leisure of his retirement in writing 

 an account of his own life, the original manuscript of which, extending 

 to nine folio volumes, was preserved in the Scotch College at Paris till 

 the revolution, when it was forwarded to St. Omer for the purpose of 

 being transmitted to England ; but was there destroyed, having, it is 

 said, been committed to the flames by the wife of the person to whose 

 charge it wag consigned, in her fears for the safety of her husband if 

 it should be found in his possession. A digest or compendium how- 

 ever of the matter of the royal autobiography had been long before 

 drawn up by an unknown hand, apparently under the direction either 

 of James or his son ; and this performance (of which there was also at 

 least one other complete copy in existence), having formed the prin- 

 cipal portion of the papers formerly belonging to the Stuart family 

 which were obtained by George IV. when regent, has been jirintr.l 

 under the title of ' The Life of James the Second, King of England, 

 &c., collected out of Memoirs writ of his own hand. Together with 

 the King's Advice to his Son, and his Majesty's Will Published from 

 the Original Stuart Manuscripts in Carlton House, by the llev. .1. S. 

 Clarke, LL.B., F.R.S., Historiographer to the King, Ac.,' 2 vob. 4to, 

 London, 1816. We need hardly point attention to the light thrown 

 on the character of James, and the events of the latter part of his 

 reign, by Mocaulay, in vol. i. of his 'History of England.' 



* JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAIN.-I < Mil', anovelist, npoet,and a 

 historian, was born in 1801 in George Street, Hanover Square, London, 

 of on ancient family originally of Staffordshire. He was educated at 

 a cchool in Greenwich, whence he was early sent to France, where he 

 remained several years. Even in his youth ho distinguished himselt' 

 by a love for literary pursuits, and as ho himself says, " before seven- 

 teen summers hod passed over his head," produced a series of seven 

 eastern tales entitled the 'String of Pearls,' which was published in 



