897 



JAMES, SAINT. 



JAMESON, ANNA. 



2 vols. in 1832. The copyright was given to the Royal Literary Fund, 

 and produced 75J. for the benefit of that institution. Mr. James also 

 contributed anonymously to the magazines and reviews, till in 1825, 

 encouraged by the praises of Washington Irving and Sir Walter Scott, 

 he produced under his own name the novel of ' Richelieu.' The his- 

 torical novels of Scott had made the species popular, and, though it 

 was too palpably an imitation, it met with considerable success. From 

 this time he continued to pour forth works in rapid succession. Of 

 his novels the best are 'Richelieu,' 'Darnley,' 'Philip Augustus,' and 

 ' Henry Masterman.' He also wrote histories of ' Charlemagne,' the 

 ' Black Prince,' ' Lives of Foreign Statesmen,' and others. His poems 

 are of varied character, as the 'Ruined City,' ' Camaralzaman,' a 

 humorous and fanciful fairy tale. King William IV. nominated him 

 Historiographer of England, an office which he almost immediately 

 resigned. In 1852 he was made British consul at Norfolk in Virginia, 

 in which capacity he still resides there. His fame as a novelist had 

 spread across the Atlantic, and he was warmly welcomed in America, 

 where, in conjunction with Mr. M. B. Field, an American, 'Adrian, or 

 the Clouds of the Mind," a romance, was produced, in imitation they 

 say of Beaumont and Fletcher. The work was published in London 

 in 1852, but is more remarkable for the peculiarity of the design than 

 for its excellence. 



In all his works Mr. James shows facility in writing ; he is seldom 

 dull, and as seldom original. In his historical novels he laboriously 

 interweaves all the external characteristics of the period of which he 

 is treating, but he fails in grasping the animating spirit, and his 

 descriptions are frequently too minute. He has a good eye for nature, 

 and his descriptions of scenery are often vividly brought before the 

 mind. A similar talent is shown in his poetry : the versification is 

 fluent, but the imagination is not of a high order. In his histories 

 he has usually chosen interesting subjects, and haa produced inter- 

 esting book?, without much research and with not very scrupulous 

 accuracy. 



JAMES, SAINT. There are at least two individuals of the name 

 of James mentioned in the New Testament. 



1. JAKES, one of the Apostles, son of Zebedee, and brother of the 

 apostle John (Matt, iv. 21, x. 29 ; Mark, i. 19, 29, iii. 17, x. 35, xui. 3 ; 

 Luke, v. 10, vi. 14, ix. 54 ; Acts, L 13), who was chosen with Peter and 

 John to accompany Christ to the Mount of Transfiguration (Luke, 

 viii. 51 ; Matt., xvii. 1). He was beheaded at Jerusalem by order of 

 Herod Agrippa about A.D. 44 (Acts, xii. 1, 2). He could not have 

 been the author of the book of the New Testament called the Epistle 

 of St. James, since it bears marks of having been written at a later 

 period. 



2. JAMES 'the Less,' as he is called in Mark, xv. 40, the son of 

 Alphteue and Mary (Matthew, x. 3, xxvii. 56 ; Mark, xv. 40), was also 

 one of the Apostles (Matthew, x. 3; Mark, iii. 18; Luke, vi. 15; 

 Acta, 1 13). 



There is also mentioned in the New Testament a James, a brother 

 of Jesus (Matt, xiii. 55; Mark, vi. 3), who, according to Joseph us 

 ('Antiq.,' xx. 9, 1), was put to death by the high priest Ananias 

 about A.D. 62 or 63. He was probably the same individual as the 

 James who appears to have had the greatest influence in the Church 

 at Jerusalem (Acts, xv. 13, xxi. 18; GaL, ii. 12); and who, according 

 to ecclesiastical tradition, was the first bishop of that Church. Since 

 James is also mentioned by St. Paul (Qal., L 19) as one of the Apostles, 

 and as the Lord's brother, we meet with three individuals of the name 

 of James who are said to be Apostles ; which differs from the lists of 

 the Apostles given in the Gospels. It was therefore supposed by the 

 fathers, and has also been maintained by most modern divines, that 

 James the son of Alphseus was the same person as James the brother 

 of our Lord ; and that the Greek word (6$f\<p<is), which is translated 

 'brother' in our version, is used, like the Hebrew nx, in the sense of 

 ' cousin.' The epistle is almost universally attributed to this James by 

 the Fathers and modern critics; it was probably written shortly before 

 his death. 



The epistle is addressed to all the Jewish Christians " which are 

 scattered abroad " (L 1 ) ; and its principal object is to exhort them to 

 perseverance, to inculcate several moral lessons of great importance, 

 and especially to explain the doctrine of justification by faith, which 

 many persons appear to have misunderstood. 



The canonical authority of thia epistle has been much disputed. 

 Clement of Rome (1 Corinth, x.) and Iremeus (' Heeres.,' iv. 16, 2) 

 bad probably read it, but they do not quote it as of inspired authority. 

 Eusebins places it among the ' Antilegomenai,' that is, writings which 

 were not generally received, and also mentions several doubts which 

 were entertained against it Origen speaks of it as the Epistle eaid 

 to be written by St. James. After this period it was generally 

 received by the Church till the time of the Reformation, when its 

 canonical authority was rejected by Luther and several other 

 Reformers on account of the difference, real or supposed, which was 

 thought to subsist between the writings of St. Paul and those of St 

 Jamex, in reference to the doctrine of justification by faith. The 

 principal argument in favour of the canonical authority of this epistle 

 is in its forming part of the Peshito, that is, the Syriac version of the 

 New Testament, which was made at the latter end of the 1st or the 

 beginning of the 2nd century of the Christian era. 



The Introductions of Eichhorn, Do Wette, Hug, Michaelis, and 



Home ; Herder, Brief e zwcener Briider Jesu, 1775 ; and the Com- 

 mentaries of Schulthessius (1828), Gebser (1828), Schneckeuburger 

 (1832), Theile (1833), &c.) 



* JAMESON, ANNA, one of our most distinguished female writers 

 on art and general literature, is a native of Dublin, where she was 

 born near the close of the last century. From her father, Mr. Murphy, 

 an artist of considerable ability, she derived her early love of art and 

 knowledge of its technicalities ; but an excellent education and dili- 

 gent self-culture have enabled her to avail herself of unusual oppor- 

 tunities for extending her aesthetic attainments, and to take one of the 

 highest places among contemporary English writers on the Fine Arts. 

 Miss Murphy married a barrister named Jameson, who, having accepted 

 an official appointment, removed to Canada. Mrs. Jameson subse- 

 quently followed him ; but circumstances having led to a separation, 

 Mrs. Jameson returned to England, and devoted herself to the study 

 of literature and art. 



Her earliest appearance as an author was by the publication, anony- 

 mously, in 1826, of ' The Diary of an Ennuyee,' a collection of notes 

 of travel in France and Italy ; of which an enlarged and greatly 

 improved edition (in 4 vols. 12mo, 1834) appeared some years later 

 under the title of ' Visits and Sketches at Home and Abroad.' In 

 1829 she published a series of imaginative sketches, intended to 

 exhibit the influence of female character ou poetic minds, under the 

 title of ' Loves of the Poets.' This was followed in 1831 by 'Memoirs 

 of Celebrated Female Sovereigns,' 2 vols. ; to which succeeded, in 

 1832, a work more akin to the 'Loves of the Poets,' but of a higher 

 order of merit, ' Characteristics of Women moral, historical, and 

 political,' 2 vols., an analysis of the principal female characters in the 

 plays of Shakspere, displaying much of the subtle criticism and refined 

 observation which have been so eminently evinced in her later aesthetic 

 writings : we may notice that the British Museum possesses a copy of 

 this work with manuscript notes by L. Tieck. Her next work was ' The 

 Beauties of the Court of Charles II.' (2 vols. 4to, 1833), a series of 

 biographical sketches written to accompany engravings from copies 

 made by her father of Lely's celebrated portraits at Hampton Court. 

 In 1838 the versatility of her pen was exhibited in a record of her 

 Canadian ' Winter Studies and Summer Rambles.' In 1810 appeared 

 a translation by her of some dramas by the Princess Amelia of Saxony, 

 with whom she had become acquainted during her residence in Ger- 

 many. Mrs. Jameson's great artistic knowledge had been well known 

 in art circles ; she had contributed various papers on art to the 

 periodicals, and she had printed at Frankfurt in 1837, a small volume 

 entitled ' Sketches of Germany Art, Literature, Character ; ' but 

 it first became generally recognised ou the publication, in 1842, of 

 a ' Handbook to the Public Galleries of Art in and near London,' 

 which was followed in 1844 by a ' Companion to the most celebrated 

 Private Galleries of Art in London ; ' and to this succeeded a very 

 pleasing series of ' Lives of the Early Italian Painters,' from Cimabue 

 to Bassano, which formed two of Mr. Knight's ' Weekly Volumes.' In 

 1846 she collected a number of scattered essays chiefly on art, but 

 including some on literature and social morals into a volume, entitled 

 ' Memoirs and Essays.' This was followed in 1848 by the most elabo- 

 rate work she had yet given to the world ' The Poetry of Sacred and 

 Legendary Art,' 2 vols. Svo. This, the first of a series on which she 

 had been engaged for several years, was an expansion of some papers 

 which appeared in the 'Athenaeum' during the years 1845-46. The 

 other volumes of the series followed ' Legends of the Monastic 

 Orders' in 1850, and 'Legends of the Madonna' in 1852. They thus 

 afforded a pretty complete exposition of the various phases, the 

 poetry, and the symbolism the literature and the legends the 

 aesthetics rather than the polemics of the art which sought to do 

 honour to the Church of the middle ages ; and she has endeavoured 

 to show the inner significance, rather than what is commonly only 

 thought of by observers and critics the technical qualities of such 

 works. These volumes at once took the place they had fairly earned, 

 of standard works on subjects which had been singularly neglected by 

 English literature. They are indeed works of a very superior order 

 of merit marked throughout by extensive research, by familiarity 

 with the great productions in the realm of art which they were 

 designed to elucidate, and by a highly refined taste and delicate tact ; 

 and readers felt that the beautiful drawings and etchings (Mrs. 

 Jameson's own handiwork), while they afforded corroborative evi- 

 dence of the technical knowledge and skill of the authoress, really 

 added a new charm to the book. Her next publication ou art (it is 

 hardly necessary so to distinguish her useful little ' Handbook to the 

 Courts of Modern Sculpture in the Crystal Palace ') was ' A Common- 

 place Book of Thoughts, Memories, and Fancies, Original and Selected ' 

 (1854), a gathering-up of the fragments left from the feast she had 

 already presented to the public. Since then no separate work on art 

 has appeared from her pen ; but both by voice and pen in lectures, 

 addresses, and pamphlets she has been labouring earnestly in direct- 

 ing to a higher and better purpose the thoughts, energies, sympathies, 

 and capabilities of her sex ; or, to use her own words, in seeking to 

 ascertain " whether there be any hope or possibility of organising into 

 some wise and recognised system the talent and energy, the piety aud 

 tenderness of our women lor the good of the whole community." 

 These labours may divert her attention perhaps from the graceful 

 studies by which she has made her name celebrated, but if she 



