JARDYN, KAREL DE. 



JAYADEVA. 



on the onnsstaii was published in an octavo volume, entitled ' Hulde 

 man Ujl*rt Japiks ' (' Homage to Oysbert Japix '), from which moat 

 of the par'iculam her* related hate been taken. 



JARDYN, KAKr.L DK, on* of the best of the butch landscape, 

 pastoral, and genre painters, and the mot dutinguiahed of N. 

 Berghem's scholara. He wu a native of Amsterdam, and lived aome 

 tine in Rome, where the Flemish painters gave him the nickname of 

 Bokkebaart (goat-beard). He died at Venice in 1678, aged about 

 forty. There are many spirited etching* by hia hand. (Houbraken, 

 (rrwofe Srkonbmy, Jk. ; Bartsch, Peintn-Ontftw.) 



JASMIN, JACQUES, the popular poet of Oaicony, whose Tenn 

 hare been ao much the subject of praise for thirty yean in France, wai 

 born at Agcn, department of Lot -el-Garonne, March 6th, 1708. So 

 poor were his parent* and kindred that he speaks in his ' Mous 

 Soobenis ' (' My Recollections ') of hi* aged grandfather as an inmate of 

 the poorhouae during his latter days. Jasmin's education was very 

 circumscribed : while quite a youth he began to practise the trade of 

 barber and hairdresser, in which calling, notwithstanding his subse- 

 quent success as a poet, he has ever since continued. All his songs 

 and poems have been composed in the patois, or country dialect, 

 spoken by the peasantry on the banks of the Garonne, which in it* 

 purest state is understood to be the same as the old Provencal, 

 the language of the wandering troubadours of the llth and 12th 

 centurion. Jasmin made rhymes for many years before he thought 

 of publishing them. His 6rst publication was ' Lou Cbalibari,' (' The 

 Charivari '), a burlesque poem, which appeared in 1825. His next work 

 was produced by slow degrees during a space of ten years, some of it 

 as early as 1826 by his recitations to his friends, and the conclusion 

 in 1S35, when the whole was published in 2 vols., under the title of 

 'Las Papillotas' ('The Curl Papers'). About the same time he was 

 elected a member of the academies of Agen and Bourdeaux. When 

 he produced his pathetic poem of ' Francounetto,' it was received with 

 the same kindness and eagerness which all the productions of this 

 gifted peasant have obtained from the people of his own district, 

 most familiar with the old Provencal diction he employs, and with no 

 common warmth by the rest of France. 



Two of the most distinguished writers of his country, Charles 

 Nodier and Sainte-Beuve, have produced critical examinations of 

 Jasmin's works; in which they acknowledge his great original 

 talents, inclining rather to gaiety than pathos, yet often most happy 

 in those passages where he addresses himself to the feelings. He 

 seems in his retirement from large cities to have formed deep habits 

 of reflection, and there are times when his spirit starts up, and his 

 conceptions take a high soar. His ideas are natural and simple, his 

 language choice and closely drawn together, with here and there a 

 touch of rugged simplicity almost always presenting an image, 

 which would be lost perhaps in a smoother expression. 



In 1830 Jasmin produced his 'Ode to Charity,' and in 1833, bis 

 animated ' Stanzas to the Scattered Remains of the Polish Nation.' 

 But it was not till 1837 that he gave the full measure of his ability, 

 in his very beautiful and pathetic story of 'L'Abugio de Castel- 

 Cuilld' ('The Blind Girl of Castel-Cuille" '), which, on its publication 

 in that year, immediately took its place at the head of all he had 

 written. 



Jacques Jasmin ii in the habit of reciting his poems in public, for 

 wLich his expressive countenance, his natural unstudied delivery, and 

 his earnest action, fit him in an especial manner, considering that 

 his audience usually belongs to the south of France. One of his 

 latest poems, ' Lous dus Frays bessous' ('The Two Twin Brothers '), 

 appeared in 1847, dedicated to M. de Salvandy, one of his patrons. 

 Besides the praise he ,has received from bis private friends and 

 public admirers, Jasmin has been honoured with many marks of 

 favour ; Louis Philippe, and the Duke and Duchess of Orleans, sent 

 him handsome presents ; the city of Toulouse awarded him a gold 

 lanrel ; Pan presented him a set of china ; and the minister Salvaudy 

 created him a knight of the Legion of Honour. He has sometimes 

 been confounded with Reboul, the baker of Nlmes, another poet in 

 humble life, warmly eulogised by the muse of Lamartine. But their 

 style and qualifications are very dissimilar. The poems of Reboul 

 are written in very pure French; they are extremely smooth and 

 highly finiihed; but they have neither the strength nor originality 

 of the Gascon hairdresser. As yet no distinct biography of Jasmin 

 has appeared. The best account of his early life was given by him- 

 self in his ' Recollections/ included in his Papillotog.' It appears 

 that all his family, even his wife, discouraged him when he began to 

 write. But afterwards, when the sale of his poems had afforded him 

 the means of buying the house in which he still follows his trade 

 his wife would choose him the best pen and the best paper, saying 

 pithily, " Every vene you write, James, puts a new tilo on the 

 roof." 



JAVOLE'NOS PRISCUS, a Roman jurist, from whom there are a 

 few excerpts in the Digest His period is not quite certain. He is 

 mentioned by Pomponius (Dig. 1, tit. 2, a, 2, 47) as a successor of 

 Cttlins Sabinus, and he accordingly belonged to the Sabiniani; and 

 some writers place him in the time of Nerva and Hadrian. He was 

 the master of Salvius Julianus. It may be inferred from a passage of 

 Julianus (Dig. 40, tit. 2, s. 8), that Javolenus some time held the omoet 

 of governor of Syria and Africa, He it probably the Javoleuui Priscui 



mentioned by the younger Pliny ('Kp.,'vi. 15), who stopped, by a 

 timely answer, Pauieuua Paulus from inflicting his poetry ou him. 

 Javolenus U mentioned by Capitolinut, in his life of Antoninus Pius, 

 as one of the jurists who were the advisers of the emperor ; but this 

 would extend hia life beyond probable limits : he who was the master 

 of Julianus, who drew up the Edictum Perpotuum under Hadrian, 

 coulil not have been one of the advisers of Antoninus Pius. According 

 to the Florentine Index, Javolenus wrote fifteen books 'ex Caasio, 

 that is, Caius Cassius Louginus, fourteen books of EpistoUo, and five 

 books to Plautius. He was also the author of an Epitome of the 

 Libri Poaterioree of Labeo, and made notes on them (Dig. 40, tit. 12, 

 s. 42). 



JAY, REV. WILLIAM, was bom on the 8th of May 1769 at 

 Tisbury, Wiltshire. His father, who was the son of a small farmer, 

 worked as a stone-cutter and mason, and young Jay's first employment 

 was that of mason's boy. While still young he was placed under the 

 tuition of the Rev. Cornelius Winter of Morlborough Academy, an 

 institution connected with the Congregational body in which young 

 men were trained for the ministry. His abilities soon became known, 

 and he began to preach before he was sixteen years of age. For about 

 a year he officiated as the minister of Lady Maxwell's Chapel at the 

 Hotwclls, Clifton ; and ou January 31st 171*1 he was settled as pastor 

 of the church assembling in Argyle Chapel, Bath, a position which he 

 maintained for the long period of sixty-two years. Mr. Jay retired 

 from the pastorate iu January 1853, and died ou the 27th of December 

 in the same year, at the age of eighty-four. His reputation as a 

 preacher was very high, and was by no means confined to his own 

 denomination, that of the Independents. His published sermons hare 

 had very extensive circulation, and many a congregation throughout 

 the kingdom has often listened to Jay's sermons without knowing to 

 whom they were primarily indebted for the instruction they were 

 receiving. That which made his pulpit addresses so useful also in the 

 family, and so well adapted for reproduction in other pulpits, was their 

 simplicity of style, combined with a clear and methodical statement 

 of the lessons sought to be conveyed. The effect of his own minis- 

 trations was. much enhanced by hia earnestness of manner, and by a 

 full command of his excellent vocal powers. Mr. Jay's regular con- 

 gregation was large, and visitors to Bath usually repaired to his chapel 

 to hear him preach. He generally made an annual visit to London 

 and to the coast, and in the metropolis and elsewhere he attracted 

 crowded congregations. When he had completed fifty years of his 

 ministerial labours his people held jubilee services, in connection with 

 which, at a public breakfast in the Assembly Rooms on the 2nd of 

 February 1841, a handsome piece of plate and a purse containing 6501. 

 were presented to Mr. Jay. Besides his sermons, of which several 

 editions have been published, Mr. Jay wrote an ' Essay on Marriage ;' 

 ' Memoirs of the Rev. Cornelius Winter ; ' ' Memoirs of the Rev. John 

 Clark ;' ' Lectures on Female Scripture Characters ' (published since his 

 death) ; and an 'Autobiography,' from which and other sources a memoir 

 of Mr. Jay was prepared by the Rev. Dr. Redford and the Rev. J. A. 

 James, and published in 1854. A uniform edition of Mr. Jay's works 

 was published under the author's superintendence in 1845-19 m twelve 

 volumes, post octavo. 



JAYAUE'VA, a celebrated Hindu poet. We possess hardly any 

 particulars respecting the circumstances of his life. It appears from 

 a passage in his poems that he was born at Kenduli, but the position 

 of this town ia very doubtful. Some commentators place it in Kaliuga, 

 others in Burdwan ; but according to the popular tradition of the 

 Vaishnavas, it was situate near the Ganges. (Wilson, in ' As. Res.,' 

 xvi. 52.) If the verse at the end of the ' Glta Govinda' is genuine, 

 the name of Jayadeva's father was Bhojadeva, and that of bis mother 

 Ramadevl. According to Sir William Jones, Jayadeva lived before 

 CiUidiWi ('As. lies.,' iii. 183) ; but this is exceedingly improbable, both 

 from the artificial construction of the verse and the whole tenor of 

 the poem. Professor Wilson places Jayadeva in the 15th century of 

 the Christian era ('As. Re<.,' xvi. 37); but Lassen, with greater pro- 

 bability, supposes that he lived in the middle of the 1-th century. 

 (' Prolegomena ' to the ' Qlta Govinda,' pp. iv. v.) 



The only poem by Jayadeva which is extant is entitled 'Glta 

 Govinda,' that is, ' the poem in honour of Goviudn,' one of the names 

 of Krishna, the eighth ' avatar,' or incarnation, of Vishnu. The poom 

 is a kind of pastoral drama, in which the loves of Krishna and Rddha 

 are described in a glowing and voluptuous manner. This poem has 

 always been greatly admired among the Hindoos ; and the majority of 

 Hindoo commentators contend that it is not to be understood in a 

 literal, but iu a figurative and allegorical, sense, and that the loves of. 

 Krishna and Rodba describe the " reciprocal attraction between the 

 divine goodness and the human soul." Among the Europeans, Sir 

 William Jones and Colebrooke admit this allegorical mode of inter- 

 pretation ('As. Res.,' 183 ; x. 419) ; but we are inclined to believe that 

 the 'Glta Govinda,' like the poums of Hafiz, is iu reality what it 

 professes to be, merely an amatory poem; and that the allegorical 

 mode of interpretation is the invention of commentators and 

 scholiasts. The question has been very ably discussed by Lassen in 

 his ' Prolegomena. 



An English translation of the 'Gita Govinda' was published by Sir 

 William Jones in the third volume of the ' Asiatic Researches.' The 

 original text was printed very inaccurately at Calcutta in 1808. A 



