a 



JEHOAHAZ. 



.'!>". -AM. 



811 



immorUUsed by Byron's reference to it in hU 'English Barda and 

 Scotch RTi.er*.' llyn.u, Moor*, and Jeffrey were all afterward* the 

 beat of friends ; and b .th the duel and the Mtir* were laugbd over 

 them. With Scott aleo, notwithstanding that th. ir original 

 diff.rrne- were somewhat intensified by Scott'i sccewion 

 U 'Edinburgh Review' to aid in founding the 'Quarterly' in 

 1809, Jeffrey alj remained on teruis of pononal friendship; and 

 Dowhrre were Seutt's noreU more cordially welcomed and praised 

 than in tha ' Edinburgh.' At length, after remaining a widower eight 

 yean, Jeffrey married again. HU aecond wife WMI an American lady, 

 Hum Charlotte Wilkea, the daughter of Mr. Charles Wilkes of New 

 York, and the grand-niece of Wilkes the notorious politician. He bad 

 met thU lady during a visit of her family to Britain ; and, in order to 

 marry her, he undertook a voyage to America in 1813. During Ms 

 brief stay in America, he aaw some of the most important men ia the 

 United States, and formed an acquaintance with Americau society and 

 American institution*. After hi* return, he and his wife resided for 



i time in the new town of Edinburgh ; but ultimately he removed 

 to Craigcrook, a beautiful little property at the foot of the Corator- 

 phine Hills, about two mile* from Edinburgh, the old turreted 

 mansion of which, and the wooded grounds, were much improved by 

 him in subsequent years. The vicinity of the place to Edinburgh 

 made it perfectly convenient for his professional engagements ; and 

 till the time of hU death he here received as his guest* his professional 

 and other friends, and all strangers of distinction who visited Edin- 

 burgh. The elegant hospitalities of Craigcrook were proverbial ; and 

 the house and grounds retain their associations with Jeffrey, as 

 Abbotsford is associated with the name of Scott. Here Moore sang 

 his songs under the roof of his former adversary ; and here, in later 

 days, Dickens formed that acquaintance with the venerable critic 

 which ripened into go strong a friendship. 



In the year 1821, Jeffrey was elected Lord Rector of the University 

 of Glasgow. Whig politics were by this time in the ascendant in 

 Scotland ; and Jeffrey, as the Whig leader, took his part in the public 

 meetings and other demonstrations which heralded the approach of 

 the era of Reform. Having been chosen Dean of the Faculty of 

 Advocates in 1829, be deemed this office incompatible with the editor- 

 ship of the ' Review,' which accordingly he resigned into the hands of 

 Mr. Kapler. He still took an interest in the ' Review ' however ; and 

 at a considerably later period, when his son-in-law, Mr. Empaon, suc- 

 ceeded Mr. Napier as editor, it was bis delight to revise proofs and 

 correct articles, as his son-in-law's deputy. In the meantime however 

 he had passed through new phases of bis life. In 1830 he was elected 

 a member of the first parliament of William IV., being returned for 

 the Perth, Forfar, and Dundee district of burghs. In March 1831 he 

 was unseated on petition, but was immediately returned again by 

 Karl Kiuwillisin for the borough of Malton. He represented this 

 borough till Ib32, taking part in the Reform debates ; and in the end 

 of that year be was returned to the first reformed parliament for the 

 city of Edinburgh, along with Mr. Abercromby, the speaker (now Lord 

 Dunfermline). He remained in parliament till 1834, and was Lord 

 Advocate of Scotland under the Grey government. His parliamentary 

 success however did not answer the expectations that had been formed 

 from hU fame as a critic and a forensic orator ; and he seems himself 

 to have welcomed the change when, in 1834, he was raised to a vacant 

 judgeship on the Scottish bench, and so relieved from the cares of 

 parliament. Scottish judges have the courtesy-titlo of 'Lord;' and 

 hence 'Jeffrey was thereafter distinguished as Lord Jeffrey, though 

 still legally only Francis Jeffrey, Esq. As a judge, he had a very high 

 reputation for roundness, conscientiousness, and rapidity. He was 

 noted for a habit of interrupting pleaders when tbey wandered, so as 

 to bring them back to the point ; and so long as he was in the second 

 division more business was sent before him than before any other 

 judge. He continued in the dixcharxe of his duty almost to the last, 

 dying in his seventy-seventh year, after a short illness, at Craigcrook, 

 on the 26th of January 1850. In the relations of private life, Lord 

 Jeffrey as a singularly affectionate and amiable man, soft-hearted to 

 a degree which surprised those who, till tbey raw him, had figured 

 him only a* a sharp and severe critic. A very genial impression of 

 lam in thu respect u to be gathered from the (elections from his 

 correspondence published by hu friend Lord Cockburn, as an appendix 

 to hi* Biography, in 1852. 



JKHOAHAZ, the elder, waa the BOD of Jehu, and succeeded his 

 father on the throne of Israel in B.C. 867. He reigned seventeen years, 

 with little credit to himself or advantage to his people ; for he followed 

 the idolatry of his father, and hii country was ravaged by Hazael, king 

 of Syria. He however repented of bis sins, and was saved from utter 

 ruin, thoairb be was reduced so low as to have but " lifty horsemen, 

 and ten chariot*, and ten thousand footmen ; for the King of Syria 

 had destroyed them, and had made them like the duit by thrashing." 

 His reign was prolonged however till B.C. 850, when he died, and was 

 Mooeedrd by Joash. 



JEHOAHAZ, the younger, also called Shallum, was king of Judah, 

 and the son of Jo.iah. After thu death of bin father in battle 

 against Pharaoh-Necbo, at Esdraelon, Jehoahaz, at the age of twenty- 

 three, astutiied th" crown, to th* prejudice of hu elder brother, 

 KlUkim. Necho, displeased with thi assumption, " put him down 

 in Jerusalem," fettered him, and tent him prisoner to Egypt, where 



he died, having reigned only three months. He was succeeded by 

 Johoiakim. 



.1 1 Ii"IAKIM, to which his name had been changed from Eliakim 

 by Pharaoh- Necho as a mark of subjection, succeeded hu brother in 

 B.C. 60S, and paid a hundred talenta of silver and a talent of gold 

 which Necho had demanded as a punishment on the country fur 

 having chosen Jehoahaz. Jehoiakim was twenty-five when he 

 began to reign, and pursued the idolatrous course* of his prede- 

 cessors, though solemnly warned by the prophet Jeremiah, whom he 

 persecuted, and would have put to death, but that he had powerful 

 protectors. In the first year of his reign Nebuehadnezxar had con- 

 quered the Egyptians, and Jehoiakim bad to transfer his allegiance to 

 the Babylonians. In the fourth year Pharaoh-Necho again tried hi* 

 fortune against Nebuchadnezzar, but was thoroughly beaten at Carche- 

 mish. Jehoiakim, encouraged by the attempt of Necho, hail with- 

 drawn from his allegiance to the Babylonians, but on the defeat of the 

 Egyptians found himself exposed and defenceless to the anger of 

 Nebuehadnezxar. The conqueror besieged Jerusalem, and took it, 

 but behaved with extreme moderation. He allowed Jehoiakim to 

 retain the throne, but plundered the temple of all its golden orna- 

 ments, which he removed to Babylon, together with certain persons 

 as hostages, among whom was the future prophet Daniel. This is 

 usually taken as the commencement of the seventy years of Baby- 

 lonian captivity. Jehoiakim however continued hU impious and 

 tyrannical government, " filling Jerusalem with innocent blood," and 

 slaying the prophet Urijah, who foretold the coming calamities of 

 Judah and Jerusalem, and causing his body to be cast into the graves 

 of the common people. Jehoiakim reigned altogether eleven years, 

 when, for some offence, Nebuchadnezzar again attacked him, and 

 "bound him in fetter* to carry him to Babylon ;" but it U supposed 

 that ho died in Jerusalem before this could be carried into effect, aud 

 that, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah, he was " buried with the 

 burial of on ass, drawn and cast forth beyond the gates of Jerusalem." 

 He was succeeded by Jehoiakin. 



JEHOIAKIN, otherwise JECONIAH, was eighteen years of age 

 when he succeeded his father in B.C. 697 (2 Kings, xxiv ; in '2 Chron. 

 xxxvi. it is said eight years old). He reigned three mouths and ten 

 days, "and did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord." Jeru- 

 salem was again besieged and taken by Nebuchadnezzar, who carried 

 him away prisoner to Babylon, with all the treasure from the teuiple 

 and palace which he could collect, the princes and " men of valour," 

 and all that " were strong and apt for war." Among these captives 

 was Ezekiel, the future prophet. He then made Mattai>iih, his 

 brother, king of Judah, changing his name to Zedekiah, under whom 

 Jerusalem was again taken, and the remainder of the nation carried 

 into captivity. Jehoiakin passed a long life in Babylon, aud in the 

 thirty-seventh year of his imprisonment Kvil-merodacb, then king of 

 Babylon, released him from prison, and " set bis throne above the 

 throne of the kings that were with him in Babylon," with an allowance 

 " for every day all the days of his life." 



JEHuRAM, or JORAM, king of Israel, was the son of Ahab, and 

 succeeded his brother Ahaziah in B.C. 907. He continued the insti- 

 tutions of Jeroboam, but be destroyed the images of Baal and all the 

 grosser idolatries. The Moabites, who had been tributary to Israel, 

 revolted, and Jehoram sought die assistance of Jehoahaphat of Judah 

 to subdue them. On advancing into the country the army was 

 distressed for water, aud the kings sought the advice and assistance of 

 the prophet Elisha, who predicted a miraculous supply of water, and 

 the defeat of the Moabites. This took place ; the cities were beaten 

 down, and the lands devastated. Shortly afterwards Israel was 

 attacked by the Syrians, but the storm was diverted by the miracu- 

 lous interposition of Elisha. Again the Syrians under Beu-hadad 

 invaded Israel, and besieged Samaria, which suffered the rno-t intense 

 severities of famine, and was reduced to the most revolting extremities. 

 A miracle, a* foretold by Elisha, again saved them. A panic terror 

 seized the hoet, who lied in the night, leaving abundance of provisions, 

 their tents, horses, and everything, and " fled for their life." Jehoram 

 seems to have felt some gratitude ; he inquired as to " all the great 

 things that Elisha had done ; " and he restored her lands to the 

 Shunnmite woman who, believing Elisha's prophecy of tho famine, 

 had left the country, and was now returned. Elatmi with hii success ha 

 aliied himself with Ahaiioh, king of Judah, to recover Rauioth-Uilead 

 from the Syrians, whose sovereign now was Haziel, who had mur- 

 dered his predecessor, as foretold by Elisha, Before this place 

 Jeboram was wounded by an arrow, and withdrew to Jexreel with 

 his nephew Ahaziah in order to be cured, leaving the siege to be 

 conducted by Jehu. While recovering Jehu had been conspiring 

 agaiuxt him, aud advanced to Jezreel with a Urge armed force. The 

 two kings went to mi et him, and, in the field of Naboth, Jehoram, 

 discovering the hostile designs of Jehu, turned his chariot aud fled, 

 but was killed by an arrow shot by Jehu, and Abaziah escaped with 

 difficulty. Jehu thus attained the throne in 895 B.O. 



JEHORAM, or JORAM, king of Judah, was tha son of Jeho- 

 shaphat, and ascended the throne in the thirty-second year of bis ago 

 in B.C. 904. He had been married in bis twentieth year to Athaliah, 

 the daughter of Ahab and Jezebel, and this union was productive of 

 the most evil consequences. The first .act of his reign was to put to 

 death all hit brethren, whom hi* father ha 1 well provided for; and 



