JEHOSHAPHAT. 



JENNER, EDWARD, M.D. 



611 



also divers of the princes of Israel. These murders were most 

 probably committed in order to avoid their opposition to his next 

 measure, the adoption ot the grossest idolatry, and the compelling of 

 his subjects to follow his example. A writing from Elijah (who had 

 been previously translated) was produced to warn him of the evils 

 which would follow from his courses, but in vain. The Edomites 

 revolted, and permanently threw off their dependence on Judah ; the 

 Philif.tines, aided by the Arabians, invaded his kingdom, ravaged 

 the country, plundered his palace, and carritd off his wives and all 

 his children but one ; a plague was inflicted upon his people ; and 

 after a disgraceful reign of ehiht years, during the last two of which 

 he was suffering from a painful and incurable disease, he died, and 

 was succeeded by his son Ahaziah. 



JEHOSHAPHAT, king of Judah, succeded his father Asa in B.C. 

 929, when he was thirty-five years old. He was an able and pious 

 prince, who governed his people well, maintained the worship of the 

 true God, reformed abuses wherever they had crept in, ordered the 

 laws to be impartially administered, and saw his people prosperous 

 and contented. He constructed fortresses, possessed great military 

 resources (the Scriptures state 1,160,000 men were enrolled as 

 soldiers), and Edom, i'hilistia, and Arabia paid him tribute. He had 

 " riches and honours in abundance," when, unfortunately for him, he 

 was induced to enter into an alliance with Ahab of Israel, cementing 

 the union ly a marriage of his eon with Ahab's daughter. Jeho- 

 shaphat's reasons for this alliance were probably the wish to strengthen 

 the collective Jewish nation against its foreign neighbours, and to 

 wean the I.-raeUtes from their idolatry ; but he failed in both, having 

 overlooked the extreme wickedness of his ally. To promote the first 

 object he joined Ahab in an attack on Ramoth-Gilead, then in pos- 

 session of the Syrians ; but Ahab was slain, the army dispersed, and 

 Jehoshaphat returned to Jerusalem to pursue his previous peaceful 

 and honourable course of life. The disaster before Ramoth-Gilead 

 appears to have encouraged the Moabites and Ammonites to rebel ; 

 but Jehosbaphat, after a solemn fast and prayer, was delivered from 

 this danger by the enemies' host turning their arms against each 

 other, so that when the Hebrew army approached them the wilder- 

 nets was found covered with slain, and the soldiers were three days 

 collecting the valuable spoil, which was more than could be taken 

 away. Jehcshaphat made a solemn thanksgiving for this deliverance; 

 but, though he had been warned by a prophet after his alliance with 

 Ahab of the anger of the Lord for helping the ungodly, he yet con- 

 tinued his friendship to Ahaziab, in conjunction with whom he endea- 

 voured to restore the traffic on the Hed Sea. Ships were built at 

 Kzion-Geber, at the head of the Elanitic Gulf; but, as a prophet had 

 foretold, they were wrecked soon after leaving the port. Ahaziah 

 would have renewed the attempt, but Jehoshaphat refused. The next 

 event of his reign was joining with Jehoram in an expedition against 

 the Moabites, the success of which is to be ascribed to JehosLaph.it 

 [JEHORAM]. Shortly after this he died, having reigned twenty-five 

 years, and was .succeeded by his son Jehoram. 



JEHU was not of the royal family, but a commander in the army 

 of Jehoram king of Israel, the son of Ahab and Jezebel. He was con- 

 secrated king by one of the prophets sent by Elisha in B.C. 895. 

 Immediately on his consecration he was acknowledged by the captains 

 of the army, and proceeded at once to attack Jehoram, who lay ill of 

 the wounds received in battle against Hazael king of Syria. Jehu 

 shot Jehoram with an arrow from his own bow, and ordered him to be 

 cast into the field of Nabotb. Jezebel was cast from an upper 

 window and killed, the dogs devouring her as had been foretold. He 

 also caused seventy of Ahab's children to be beheaded, and forty-two 

 brothers of Ahaziah king of Judah, justifying himself by the command 

 of Elisha. He also destroyed many of the worshippers of Baal, but 

 though his zeal was ardent it was not consistent, for he adopted the 

 religious policy of Jeroboam, in order probably to keep himself inde- 

 pendent of Judah. In the latter days of Jehu the provinces beyond 

 the Jordan were wrested from him by Huzael king of Syria, and he 

 died in B.C. 56, in the twenty-eighth year of his reign. The name of 

 Jehu occurs more than once on the monuments discovered by Mr. 

 Layard at Nineveh, and on one in connection with that of Hazael ; as 

 Jehu the son of Omri (that is, of the house or family of Omri), the name 

 is on an obelisk brought from Nineveh and now in the British 

 Mtweum. 



JfcLLACHICH VON BUZIM, JOSEPH, FREIHERR (Baron), 

 Ban of Croatia, was horn October 16, leOl, at Peterwardein, in 

 Austrian Slavonia. His father was a general in the Austrian service, 

 who served in the wans of the French Revolution, and died in 1810. 

 Jeilachich was educated at Vienna, in the military academy called 

 the Theresium, and in 1819 entered the Austrian army an a sub-lieu- 

 tenant. In 1825 he was a lieutenant in the 3rd Dragoon regiment, 

 and circulated a volume of pot-ms among his frienus and fellow- 

 officers. In 1830 he was appointed to the command of one of the 

 frontier regiments of Hulans, with which he served four years in 

 Italy. In 1887 he became a major of infantry. He was afterwards 

 appointed lieutenant-colonel in the 1st Banat frontier regiment, and 

 in 1842 became the colonel. Some time after the French Revolution 

 of March 1848, when the Hungarians had obtained the restitution of 

 their parliament and other popular rights, the court of Vienna, 

 finding its p ower diminished, secretly incited the Croats, Dalmatians, 



and Servians, to make war on the Hungarians. The Croats sent a depu- 

 tation to Vienna with the request that Jelluchich might be appointed 

 their Ban, or military commander-in-chief. The emperor granted 

 their request, and the Ban Jeilachich forthwith colltcted an army of 

 about 40,000 men, partly irregulars, but well armed, well appointed, 

 and with plenty of artillery and ammunition, and also reinforced by 

 the addition of a considerable body of Austrian regular troops from 

 Styria. With this army Jellachich crossed the Drave at Zegrad on 

 the 9th of September 1848. Jeilachich himself advanced with a 

 corps of 15,000 men by Gross Kauisa along the southern shores of the 

 Flatten Lake to Siotok. A battle was fought on the 29th of Sep- 

 tember, and Jeilachich was defeated. An armistice was granted at 

 his request, which he employed in making good his retreat by night 

 from Weissenburg to Raab. He thus transferred the line of his ope- 

 rations to the high-road to Vienna, leaving his rear-guard under 

 General Roth in a situation which compelled him to surrender to 

 the Hungarians. Jeilachich having collected together the best of 

 his troops, placed the whole, amounting to 18,000 men, at the 

 disposal of Prince Windiscbgriitz, who was then besieging Vienna, 

 which was in the possession of the insurrectionists. When the 

 Hungarians were defeated at Swechat, near Vienna, the main body of 

 the Austrian army was commanded by Jeilachich. He served during 

 the remainder of the Hungarian war under Haynau, who was 

 commander in-chief, but he did not on any occasion particularly 

 distinguish himself. His poems were reprinted in 1851 in a handsome 

 8vo volume, with illustrations, for the benefit of the Jeilachich 

 Invalid-Fund at Vienna. 



JENNER, EDWARD, M.D., was born in 1749, at Berkeley, in 

 Gloucestershire, of which place his father was vicar. He was educated 

 at Cirencester, and apprenticed to Mr. Ludlow, a surgeon at Sudbury. 

 At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he went to London, and became 

 a pupil of John Hunter, with whom he resided for two years while 

 studying medicine at St. George's Hospital, and with whom his philo- 

 sophical habits of mind and his love of natural history procured him 

 an intimate and lasting friendship. In 1773 he returned to his native 

 village, and practised as a surgeon and apothecary till 1792, when he 

 determined to confine himself to medicine, and obtained the degree 

 of M.D. at St. Andrews University. 



But the history of Jenner's professional life is embodied in that of 

 vaccination. While at Sudbury he was surprised one day at hearing 

 a countrywoman say that she could not take the smallpox because she 

 had had cowpox ; and upon inquiry he learned that it was a popular 

 notion in that district, that milkers who had been infected with a 

 peculiar eruption which sometimes occurred on the udder of the cow 

 were completely secure against the smallpox. The medical men of 

 the district told him that the security which it gave was not perfect; 

 they had long known the opinion, and it had been communicated to 

 Sir George Baker, but he neglected it as a popular error. Jenner, 

 during his pupilage, repeatedly mentioned' the facts, which had from 

 the first made a deep impression on him, to John Hunter, but even he 

 disregarded them ; and all to whom the subject was broached either 

 slighted or ridiculed it. Jenner however still pursued it ; ho found, 

 when in practice at Berkeley, that there were some persons to whom 

 it was impossible to give smallpox by inoculation, and that all these 

 had had cowpox ; but that there were others who had had cowpox, 

 and who yet received smallpox. This, after much labour, led him to 

 the discovery that the cow was subject to a variety of eruptions, of 

 which one only had the power of guarding from smallpox, and that 

 this (which he called the true cowpox) could be effectually communi- 

 cated to the milkers at only one period of its course. 



it was about 1780 that the idea first struck him that it might be 

 possible to propagate the cowpox, and with it the security from 

 smallpox, first from the cow to the human body, and thence from one 

 person to another. In 1788 he carried a drawing of the casual dis- 

 ease, as seen on the hands of milkers, to London, and showed it to 

 Hunter, Cline, and others ; but still none would either assist or en- 

 courage him ; scepticism or ridicule met him everywhere, and it was 

 not till 1796 that he made the decisive experiment. On the 14th of 

 May a boy, aged eight years, was vaccinated with matter taken from 

 the hands of a milkmaid ; he passed through the disorder in a satis- 

 factory manner, and was inoculated for smallpox on the 1st of July 

 following without the least effect. Jenner then entered on an exten- 

 sive series of experiments of the same kind, and in 1798 published his 

 first memoir, ' An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolso 

 Vaecinse.' It excited the greatest interest, for the evidence in it seemed 

 conclusive ; yet the practice met with opposition, as severe as it was 

 unfair, and its success seemed uncertain till a year had passed, when 

 upwards of seventy of the principal physicians and surgeons in London 

 signed a declaration of their entire confidence in it. An attempt was 

 then made to deprive Jenner of the merit of his discovery, but it 

 signally failed, and scientific honours were bestowed upon him from 

 all quarters. Nothing however could induce him to leave his native 

 village, and all his correspondence shows that the purest benevolence, 

 rather than ambition, had been the motive which actuated all his 

 labours. " Shall I," he says in a letter to a friend, " who, even in the 

 morning of my life, sought the lowly and sequestered paths of life, 

 the valley and not the mountain shall I, now my evening is fast 

 approaching, hold myself up as an object for fortune and for fame ? 



