el* 



JBUOBOA*. 



JERROLD, DOUGLAS. 



toceeediae Rovenor until 1843. when he likewise f.ll * victim to the 

 etimtaL TM inhab 



__j inhabitant* of St. Luria, when the nwt of hi. death 

 reached them, marked tbeir regret for hit Ion by general mourning ; 

 bat perhaps the highest tribute to hm memory is to be found in an 

 addr*s made on that occasion to the lio\ai Court of St. Lucia by Dr. 

 He- die, wbo had tucceeded him at chief justice of that colony. The 

 foUowinf p***af* are contained in it : "To aay that Sir J. Jcremic 

 wrn* U e able*t judge, was the meet naeful judge, who crer presided at 

 St. Lucia, it aaying little indeed. For the law* which be enforced, aud 

 the reforms which he introduced into the legal ay>tem of the colony, 

 giving atability to commerce and security to the investment of capital, 

 the | lamer* and merchant* recognise to him a deep debt of gratitude. 

 Wherever you turn your eyea jou meet the proof* of his activity in 

 the duchnrgo of the administrative duties which at one time devolved 

 oo the fint president: the high roads opened up and levelled, the 

 paving and drain* for the ralubiity of Uie town, the erection of the 

 Protestant church, all attest his unwearied and iraloua labours. Hi* 

 memory will long be cherished by that class of the colonist* whoae 

 equal rights be secured, and whose social position he upheld aud 

 vindicated both by precept and example, when, to use his own striking 

 language, after having submitted to the minister of the crown (Sir 

 George Hurray) an argument on the (.-rave colonial question, the 

 distinction of colour, that eminent statesman recognised the policy 

 and justice of a change, and the ' curse of heaven disappeared from the 

 face of the western world.' " 



JEROBOAM, the author of the schism in the Jewish kingdom, and 

 the founder of the separate kingdom of Israel, bad been a distinguished 

 captain in the army of Solomon, but, probably on account of some 

 oppression occasioned by the preat expenditure of Solomon in building, 

 he had rebelled ; snd on leaving Jerusalem the prophet Abijah foretold 

 the separation, and that he thould be king. Solomon upon learning 

 this sought to flay Jeroboam, who found refuge in the court of Shiahak, 

 king of Egypt On the death of Solomon he immediately repaired to 

 Shecbtm, where the chiefs of the tribes had assembled to meet Reho- 

 bnam, and to remonstrate with him on the weight of the taxation. 

 Rebobosm haughtily repulsed their suit, and therefore the ten tribes 

 elected Jeroboam king in B.C. 990, leaving to Rehoboam only the 

 tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Reboboam returned to Jerusalem and 

 aasembled a Urge army, but on the intimation of the prophet 

 Shemaiah that it would be contrary to the will of the Lord, he 

 desisted. 



Jeroboam, thus in possession of the throne, took up his abode at 

 Shechem, which he made the capital of his kingdom. Feeling or 

 imagining a danger in allowing his subjects to pay their accustomed 

 devotions in the temple at Jerusalem, he caused two gulden calves to 

 be let up at the extremities of his dominions, at Dan aud Bethel, 

 rather a* symbols it is supposed of the true God than as objects of 

 direct idolatry ; and a* the Levites would not t-crve, made priest* of 

 the low. bt of the people. Prophets were sent to protest against this 

 desecration, aud when Jeroboam would have arrested one bis hand 

 was withered, but restored at the prayer of the prophet. Notwith- 

 standing this he continued his course. Although Rehoboam had 

 abstained from attacking Jeroboam at first, the Scripture records that 

 there were wars between them all the days of Rehoboam's life ; and 

 when in the < ighteenth year of Jeroboam's reign Abijah succeeded to 

 the throne of Judab, be assembled an army of 400,000 men, to whom 

 Jeroboam opposed one of 800,000, and a buttle took place in which 

 Israel was defeated, and there were slain of them " 500,000 chosen 

 men." Some writers, among others Dr. Hales, think there is a cypher 

 too many in each of the above numbers ; but it ia certain that from 

 this period Israel was greatly weakened, and Judah increased in pro- 

 portional strength. Though Abijah had achieved this great victory, 

 no material consequences followed beyond taking a few towns, among 

 which was Bethel, with one of the golden calves. Jeroboam continued 

 to reign four years longer ; he then died, and was succeeded by his 

 son Nadab. 



JKHuliOAM II. was the son of Joash, king of Israel, and succeeded 

 his father in B.O. 884, and reigned forty-one yean. The scriptural 

 records of his reign are but scanty. He maintained tbe heresy of his 

 ancestor* ; but his father's victory over Amaziah, king of Judah, had 

 given him strength, and he carried on a successful war against the 

 Syrians, restoring "the coast of Israel from the entering of llatnath 

 unto tbe *ea of tbe plain," and he also subdued Damascus. In bis 

 reign lived the prophet Jonab. He was succeeded by his sou 

 Zacbariab. 



JKIttiMK, SAINT (EusEBius HtEROSTires SOPHROKIUS), one of 

 tbe Fathers of the Church, and accounted the most learned of all the 

 Latin Fathers. H was well acquainted with both the Greek and 

 Hebrew language*. 



Hi* era was from 840, about which time be was born, to 420, in 

 which year he riied. He was a native of Pannonia, but came early to 

 Home, where he studied under the grammarian Donatun. When h 

 had received baptism in token of his professing the Christian faith, he 

 entered upon a long course of travel. He vinited Gaul, where he 

 remained some time, and afterward* travelled in Thrace, I'ontnx, 

 Bitliynia, Ualatia, and Cappadocia. When he w>s about thirty he 

 begau to be noted for hi* theological knowledge. In a retirement 

 which he had chosen for himself in Syria, he was disturbed on a 



suspicion of the want of perfect t oundnea* in the faith. This deter- 

 mined him to go to Jerusalem, and there apply himself to the study 

 of the Hebrew language aa the beat means of enabling him to under- 

 stand the Scripture* rightly, not ouly of the Old, but also of the New 

 Testament. In 882 he returned to Rome, having spent some time at 

 Constantinople on his way, where at that time lived St Gregory of 

 Naziauzua, a celebrated preacher. At Rome he became secretary to 

 Pope Damasua. There appear to be circumstance* in the life of 

 Jerome at this period which an not cleared up. It is however certain 

 that Sericius, the successor of Damans, had not the same esteem for 

 him which Daumsua had, and that Jerome left Rome and returned to 

 the neighbourhood of Jerusalem. There he took up hi* abode in 

 monastery at Bethlehem. 



In this retirement he employed himself in writing on the question* 

 which then divided the opinions of Christians, and there it is believed 

 he died, at the age of eighty years. 



Many of the writings of Jerome have come down to us. Several 

 of them arc merely controversial; but there are other* of a more 

 sterling and lasting value : these are, his treatise on the Lives and 

 Writings of the elder Christian Fathers, and his Commentaries on 

 the Prophetical Books of the Old Testament, on the Gospel of St. 

 Matthew, and several of St. Paul's Epistles. His Epistles amount, in 

 the edition of Vallareius, to 160 in number. But what may lie 

 regarded as his greutest work is a translation of the books of both the 

 Old and New Testament into Latin. Tuis translation has been alwav 

 highly valued in the Latin Church, and is that known in the Church 

 by the name of the Vulgate. It U a question amongtt the learned how 

 for, and whether at all, he embodied on older Italic version in hi* 

 translation. If it was the tirst effort at bringing the Scriptures 

 within the reach of the great multitude who knew no other language 

 than the Latin, it was a great and noble work, which ought to place its 

 author high amongst the benefactors of mankind. Bishop War-burton 

 says of Jerome, that "he is tho ouly Father that can be called a critic 

 on the sacred writings, or who followed a just or reasonable method 

 of criticising." A treatise of his was one of tbe first books printed 

 in England. The best edition of his works is that of Vallarsius, in 



10 vols. foL, Verona, 1734-42; reprinted by Venet in 1766, in 



11 vols. 4to., Paris. 



JEROME OF PRAGUE, go called from tho place of his birth, was 

 one of the earliest, ablest, and most devoted of the followers of John 

 Huss. [Hess, JOHN.] He was endowed with great natural ability, 

 which had been carefully cultivated, he having studied at tbe univer- 

 sities of Paris, Heidelberg, and Cologne, from each of which he received 

 the degree of Doctor of Divinity. In extent of learning and acquaint- 

 ance with scholastic logic he was regarded as superior to bis master, 

 and he was by far the most effective of his preachers. From almost 

 the commencement of the 6th century Jerome was indefatigable in 

 proclaiming the Hussite doctrines through the principal tov. 

 Bohemia and Hungary, and he also visited Poland. When HUBS 

 appeared before the Council of Constance, Jerome was cited by that 

 body also. In reply he altixed a paper upon tbe doors of the churches 

 of Constance, stating his willingness to appear before the council and 

 to defend his teaching, if a Bale conduct were furnished him. Hi ; 

 challenge being left unnoticed, he prepared to return to Bohemia. A 

 passport was now tent him from the council, guaranteeing his safety 

 from violence, but not from punishment, if lie were adjudged guilty 

 of the heresy charged against him ; but this Jerome Huss having been 

 already sent to prison deemed insufficient, and he proceeded on his 

 journey. On bis way bo was arrested, April 25, 1415, and delivered 

 over by tbe Prince of Salzbach into the power of the council, May 23. 

 He underwent tho usual interrogatories, in the intervals being subjected 

 to excessively cruel treatment in prison. The point which he was chiefly 

 required to retract woa his opinion on the doctrine of Transubstantia- 

 tion ; aud on the third examination, on the llth of September 1415, 

 he made a qualified recantation of the Hussite statement of tbe eucbar- 

 istic theory. But even this admission he passionately disclaimed at a 

 public audience on the 20th of May following. "Confessing with 

 horror," his cowardice, he declared that "only the dread of the punish- 

 ment by fire had brought him to consent, against hia conscience, to tho 

 condemnation of tbe doctrine of Wycliffe and John Huss. 1 * He was 

 at once condemned, and delivered over to the secular power; and 

 four days fter was burned. Like Hues he proceeded to the stake 

 with tho greatest serenity, and tbe manner of his death proti 

 powerful impression. Bracciolini, who was present at tbe execution, 

 bears full evidence in hit letter to Aretino to tho firmness of tho 

 victim, and so does -tineas Sylvius, afterwards Pope Pius II., in his 

 ' Historic liohemica.' 



"JERltOLD, DOUGLAS. With the higher order of minds every 

 surrounding circumstance, especially of their earliest years, is edu- 

 cation. The education of tho child Douglas Jcrruld was within the 

 verge of a theatre ; tho education of the boy was on tho deck of a 

 man-of-war ; the education of the youth was in a printing-office. Wo 

 can trace the fields of observation in which tbe dramatist, essayist, and 

 journalist gathered his materials, and in which his habits of thought 

 and study were formed. Douglas Jerrold was born in London, ou the 

 3rd of January 1808. His father was manager of the Sheerness 

 Theatre : the " many-coloured life " of the drama was thus familiar 

 to him in hia first years ; and those who know how strong are the 





