625 



JOAir. 



JOAN, POPE. 



620 



where he was entered at Merton College, under the tuition of John 

 Parkhurst, who was afterwards the Protestant bishop of Norwich. 

 When eighteen he was admitted B.A., and at that early age he became 

 a college tutor. Henry VIII. was still upon the throne, and it was 

 hazardous for any one to make himself conspicuous either as an 

 opposer of the principles of the reformation or as an advocate of them. 

 Jewell therefore kept himself quiet, contenting himself with inculcating 

 reformation principles privately in his lectures to his pupils ; but when 

 King Henry was dead, and the ecclesiastical policy of the country 

 became more decidedly Protestant under his successor, Jewell declared 

 himself openly a zealous Protestant ; and when Peter Martyr, one of 

 the foreign reformers, visited Oxford, and there held a public dispu- 

 tation (as was the manner of those times) with certain learned Roman 

 Catholic divines, Jewell acted as his notary. From this time he 

 became a zealous promoter of the reformation, both at the university 

 and as a preacher and catechiser in the country about Abingdon, where 

 he had a living. 



Times however changed : King Edward died, and a new policy was 

 adopted. It was sought to undo what had been done. Jewell, it 

 seems, for a short time somewhat temporised ; but he very soon 

 recovered himself, and sought shelter in a foreign land from the 

 severity of the storm which fell upon those who in the preceding 

 reign had been zealous for the reformation. He joined the English 

 exiles at Frankfurt, and afterwards at Strasbourg, where he again met 

 with Peter Martyr, whom he assisted in the composition of some of 

 his works. The reign however of Mary was short, and with the 

 accession of Elizabeth came brighter prospects to the friends of reform. 

 Jewell returned home, and was almost immediately made Bishop of 

 Salisbury. His zeal was not relaxed. He continued both by his 

 preaching and his writing to promote the doctrines of the reformation, 

 and to endeavour to extinguish whatever attachment there might still 

 remain, especially in any part of his own diocese, to the older system. 

 He died in the course of one of his preaching tours at the little village 

 of Monkton Farleigh, in an obscure corner of his diocese, in the fiftieth 

 year of his age. Camden, whose testimony is worth more than that of 

 any party writer on either side, bears to him this testimony, that he 

 was a man of singular ingenuity, of vast erudition in theology, and of 

 eminent piety. 



The writings of Jewell are chiefly controversial, the most remarkable 

 of them being his ' Apology for the Church of England,' and his various 

 Defences of that Apology. These are together considered one of 

 the ablest defences of the Protestant Church of England that appeared, 

 and were translated into many languages for the purpose of circulation 

 abroad. His writings were collected in a large folio volume in 1609. 

 Copies of this volume were placed in many of the English churches 

 for the common use of the parishioners, and may sometimes even now 

 be found fastened by a chain to a reading-desk. This honour it has 

 shared with Fox's 'Acts and Monuments of the Church/ and some of 

 the theological writings of Erasmus. 



The writings of Jewell are still greatly valued, and are much used 

 in two departments of ecclesiastical controversy, the question between 

 the Church of England and the Church of Rome, and the question 

 respecting the doctrinal sentiments of the fathers of the Protestant 

 Church of England. Lists of his writings maybe seen in the ' Athense 

 Oxonienses ' of Anthony Wood, where is an outline of hU life, the 

 particulars of which have been written more in detail by many 

 persons. 



JOAM (or JOAO) I. to VI., Kings of Portugal [PORTC8AL, in 

 Gioo. Drv., voL iv.) 



JOAN I. of Naples, daughter of King Robert of Naples, of the 

 Anjou dynasty, succeeded her father in 1343. She was then only 

 sixteen years of age, handsome and accomplished. She had been 

 married already some time to her cousin Andreas of Hungary, but 

 their tempers and tastes did not sympathise together. Andreas claimed 

 to be crowned king and to share his wife's authority, which by the will 

 of her father had been left solely to her. His coarse and haughty 

 manners offender! the proud native barons, and the Hungarian guards 

 who attended him excited their jealousy. A conspiracy was formed, 

 and one night, while the court was at Aversa, the conspirators, who 

 were of the nobles near his person, seized and strangled him, and 

 threw his body out of a window of the castle. There seems little or 

 no doubt that Joan knew of the plot, and that she did nothing to 

 prevent the crime. As soon as it was perpetrated she repaired to 

 Naples, and thence issued orders for the apprehension of the murderers. 

 Torture was employed to find out the conspirators, but the result of 

 the interrogatories was kept secret. Many persons high and low were 

 put to a cruel death, but public opinion still implicated the queen 

 herself in the conspiracy. The same year Joan mnrried her relative 

 Louis, prince of Tarentum. Louis, king of Hungary, and brother of 

 Andreas, came with an army to avenge his brother's death. He defeated 

 the queen's troops, entered Naples, and Joan took refuge in her here- 

 ditary principality of Provence. .She repaired to Avignon, and there, 

 before Pope Clement VI., she protested her innocence and demanded 

 n trial. The pope and his cardinals acquitted Joan, who from gratitude 

 gave up to the papal see the town and county of Avignon. A pesti- 

 lence in the meantime had frightened away the Hungarians from 

 Naples, and Joan, returning to her kingdom, was solemnly crowned 

 with her husband in 1351. Joan reigned many years in peace over her 



BIOO. DIV. VOL. in. 



fine dominions. Having lost her second husband in 1362, she married 

 a prince of Majorca, and on his death she married in 1376 Otho, duke 

 of Brunswick ; but having no children by any of her husbands, she 

 gave her niece Margaret in marriage to Charles, duke of Durazzo, who 

 waa himself related to the royal dynasty of Anjou, and appointed him 

 her successor. Soon afterwards the schism between Urban VI. and 

 Clement VII. broke out, and Joan took the part of the latter. Urban 

 excommunicated her, and gave the investiture of the kingdom to 

 Charles Durazzo, who with the darkest ingratitude revolted against 

 his sovereign and benefactress : with the assistance of the pope he 

 raised troops, defeated the queen, and took her prisoner. He tried 

 to induce Joan to abdicate in his favour, but the queen firmly refused, 

 and named as her successor Louis of Anjou, brother of Charles V., 

 king of France. Charles then transferred Joan to the castle of Muro 

 in Basilicata, where he caused her to be strangled or smothered in her 

 prison in 1382, thirty-seven years after the death of her first husband 

 Andreas. 



JOAN II., daughter of Charles Durazzo, and sister of Ladislaua, 

 king of Naples, succeeded the latter after his death in 1414. She waa 

 then forty-four years of age, and already noted for licentiousness and 

 weakness of character. After her exaltation to the throne she con- 

 tinued in the same course, only with more barefaced effrontery. She 

 however married, from political motives, James, count de la Marche, 

 who was allied to the royal family of France ; but the match, as 

 might be expected, proved most unhappy. James was obliged to run 

 away in despair from Naples, and retired to France, where it is said 

 that he ended his days in a convent. Meanwhile unworthy favourites 

 ruled in succession at the court of Joan. One of them, Ser Gianni 

 C'aracciolo, of a noble family, saw his influence disputed by the 

 famous condottiere Sforza Attcndolo, who, together with many barons 

 that were jealous of Caracciolo, took the part of Louis of Anjou, a 

 grandson of that Louis to whom Joan I. had bequeathed the crown. 

 The queen sought for support in Alfonso of Aragon, king of Sicily, 

 whom she adopted, and appointed her successor. Alfonso came to 

 Naples ; but the fickle Joan having made her peace with Sforza, revoked 

 her adoption of Alfonso, and appointed Louis of Anjou as her successor. 

 Alfonso was accordingly obliged to return to Sicily. The favourite 

 Caracciolo was soon after murdered in consequence of court jealousy 

 and intrigue. Louis of Anjou died also, and was followed to the 

 grave by Joan herself, who, on her death, appointed Rene* of Anjou as 

 her successor. She died in 1435, leaving her kingdom in great dis- 

 order, and with the prospect of a disputed succession and a civil war. 

 [ALFONSO V. of Aragon, vol. i. col. 139.] 



JOAN, POPE, a supposed individual of the female sex, who is 

 placed by several chroniclers in the series of popes between Leo IV. 

 and Benedict III., about 853-55. The first who mentions the story is 

 Marianus Scotus, a monk of the abbey of Fulda, who died at Mainz 

 in 1086, and who says in his chronicle, under the year 853, the thir- 

 teenth year of the reign of the Emperor Lotharius, that Leo IV. died 

 on the 1st of August, and that to him succeeded Joau, a woman, 

 whose pontificate lasted two years, five mouths, and four days, after 

 which Benedict III. was made pope. But Anastasius, who lived at 

 the time of the supposed Pope Joan, and who wrote the lives of the 

 popes down to Nicholas I., who succeeded Benedict III., says, that 

 fifteen days after Leo IV.'s death Benedict III. succeeded him. It is 

 true that some manuscript copies of Anastasius, among others one in 

 the king's library at Paris, contain the story of Joan ; but this has 

 been ascertained to be an interpolation of later copyists, who have 

 inserted the tale in the very words of Martinus Polonus, a Cistercian 

 monk and confessor to Gregory X, who wrote the lives of the popes, 

 in which, after Leo IV. ; he places " John an Englishman," and then 

 adds, "Hie, tit asseritur, foemina fuit." He then goes on to say 

 that this Joan, when a young woman, left her home in man's disguise, 

 with her lover, a very learned man, and went to Athens, where she 

 made great progress in profane law ; afterwards she went to Koine, 

 where she became equally proficient in sacred learning, for which her 

 reputation became so great that at the death of Leo she was unani- 

 mously elected as his successor, under the general belief of her male 

 sex. She however became pregnant; and one day as she was pro- 

 ceeding to the Lateran Basilica, she was seized in child-labour on the 

 road between the Colosseum and the church of St. Clement, and there 

 she died and was buried without any honours, after a pontificate of 

 two years, five months, and four days. The story was generally 

 copied from Martinus by subsequent writers, and Platina himself, in 

 his ' Lives of the Popes,' repeats it on the authority of Martinus, 

 adding various other reports, and concluding with these words : "The 

 things I have above stated are current in vulgar reports, but are 

 taken from uncertain and obscure authorities, and I have inserted 

 them briefly and simply, not to be taxed with obstinacy." Pauvinius, 

 Platina's continuator, subjoins a very critical note, iu which ho shows 

 the absurdity of the tale, and proves it to have been an invention. 

 But the best dissertation on the subject is that of David Blondel, a 

 Protestant, who completely refutes the story in his ' Familier Kclair- 

 cissement de la question si une Femme a 6t& assise au Siege Papal 

 entre Leon IV. et Benoit III.,' Amsterdam, 1649. There are critics 

 who coutend that it is only the later manuscripts of the ' Lives of the 

 Popes ' by Martinus Polonus which contain the tale of Pope Joan, and 

 that those manuscripts which were written during the life or soon 



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