JOAN OP ARC. 



JOEL. 



fl.'S 



after UM death of Martinu* do not contain it It ii evident howeTer 

 that the *tory wa* in circulation already in the 12th century, long 

 before the time of Martinu*, ai Etienne de Bourbon da Belleville, a 

 companion of St. Dominic, in bin treatise 'D Septem DonU Spiritus 

 Saaeti,' under the bead of ' Prudent!*,' relate* from 'the Chronicle* ' 

 tb* story of Pop* Joan, but place* it about the year 1100, and says 

 that on Oie discovery of her sex ah* wa* stoned to death by the 

 people. The** atithoritiea prove at all event* that the Protestants 

 did not inrrnt the tale of Pope Joan, ai they bare been accuted of 

 having dona. 



JOAN UK ARC. [ARC, JOIN or.l 



JOA'NES, or JUA'Nl s, VICKNTK, a celebrated Spanish painter, 

 was born at Kuente la Higuera in Valencia, in 1523. Palomino's 

 account therefore, that be was the scholar of Raffaelle, is an error. He 

 studied in Italy, and, a wo tray infer from his style, chiefly the works 

 of the Roman school. He died on the 21st of December 1579, whilst 

 engaged in finishing the altar-piece of the church of Bocairente, and 

 was buried in that town, but his body was removed to Valencia and 

 deposited in tho church of Ssnta Cms in 1581. 



Joan** was one of the but of the Spanish painters : he it acknow- 

 ledged as the bead of the school of Valencia, and is eometime* termed 

 the Spanish Raffaelle. His drawing is correct, and displays many suc- 

 cessful example* of foreshortening ; his draperies are well cast, his 

 colouring is sombre (he was particularly fond of mulberry colour), 

 and his expression is mostly in perfect accordance with his subject, 

 which is generally devotion or impassioned resignation, as in the 

 Baptism of Christ' in the cathedral of Valencia. Jodne*' subjects 

 are delusively religions, find if, says Cean Bcrmudez, Morales on thia 

 aecoui.t deferred the title of El Divino, Joanes is equally entitled to 

 it Like his countrymen Vargas snd 1)' A ma to of Napier, he is said 

 to have always taken the sacrament before he commenced an altar- 

 pieoe. His best works are in the cathedral of Valencia, and there are 

 several good specimens in the Prndo at Madrid. To mention a minor 

 quality of his works, be excelled in painting hair. 



Jodnea bad many scholars, among whom his eon Juan Vicente was 

 not undistinguished. His daughters also, Dorotea and Margarita, were 

 well known for their ability in painting. 



(Cean Bermudez, Diccionario Hiilortco, Ac.) 



JOASH, or JEHOASH, King of Judah, was the son of Ahaziah, and 

 when Atholiah murdered her grandsons he alone escaped, having been 

 tared by the care of his aunt Jehosheba. [ATIIALIAII.] After being 

 concealed in tbe Temple by his uncle Jehoiada, the high-priest, 

 during the six years that Athaliah reigned, he was produced, and at 

 one* proclaimed king. Athaliah was slain ; and a Joanh was only 

 seven years old, his uncle Jehoiada acted as regent. Under Jehoiada's 

 guidance the Temple was purified, and idolatry extirpated. In the 

 twenty-third year of hia reign, still prompted by Jehoiada, the Temple 

 wa* thoroughly repaired, soon after which Jehoiada died, aged 130, 

 and was buried among the kings. After his death there was a relapse 

 to idolatry, against which Zechariah, the son of Jehoiada, protested, 

 and was put to death with tbe consent of Joash. In the same year 

 Hazael, king of Syria, invaded Judah, defeated the large army sent 

 sgainst him, and destroyed the princes at whote solicitation Joash had 

 restored tbe high place*. Tho king himself was wounded, but he 

 purchased the withdrawal of Hazael by giving up to him all the 

 treasures of the temple. Hi* servant* however conspired against him, 

 and slew him in bis bed in B.C. 819, after a reign of forty years. He 

 wa* succeeded by Amaziab. 



JOASH, or JEHOASH, King of Israel, was the son of Jehoahaz, 

 and succeeded hi* father in B.C. 850. He did evil in the sight of the 

 Lord, as hia predecessors had done ; but he visited Elisha when he 

 was dying, lamented over him, and the dying prophet predicted his 

 victories over the Syrians. He vanquished Ben-hadad in three battles, 

 and recovered the cities of Israel from the dominion of the Syrians. 

 He was next attacked by Amaziah, king of Judah, whom he defeated, 

 entered Jerusalem, plundered tbe temple, and broke down four hun- 

 dred cubit* of the city wall ; but he suffered Amaziah to retain his 

 crown, taking hostage* for his future good behaviour. After a reign 

 of sixteen yean he died, and ws* succeeded by Jeroboam, hi* son. 



JOB, the Book of, is ono of the poetical books of the Old Testa- 

 ment Its title is taken from the patriarch Job, whose story it 

 relate*. Some critic* have supposed, from the nature of the exor- 

 dium, that Job wag not a real person, and that the narrative in the 

 book i fictitious. He appears however to be referred to aa a real 

 person by Ezekiel (ch. xiv. ver. 16), and James (ch. v. ver. 11) j and 

 the style of the book has all tbe circumstantiality of a real narrative. 

 It ha* been inferred from hi* longevity (ch. xlli. 16), hig holding tho 

 office of pritst in his own family (ch. I 5), his allusion to no other 

 specie* of idolatry than the worship of the heavenly bodies (ob. xxxi. 

 26-28), the silence of the book respecting the history of the Iraelites 

 and the Mosaic law*, and several incidental allusions to patriarchal 

 customs, that Job lived in the patriarchal age. Dr. Hale* ha* attempted, 

 by astronomical calculations, to fix tbe exact time of Job's trial at 184 

 yean before the birth of Abraham. (Hales, 'Chronology/ vol. ii. 

 pp. 65-57, sec. edit) There is a genealogy of Job at the end of the 

 Septuagint version of this book, which make* him the fifth in descent 

 from Abraham. Some critic* have discovered what they consider 

 proof* of a much later date in the book iteelf. 



The scene of the poem i* laid in tha "land of Uz," which, a* Bishop 

 Lowth ha* shown, i* probably Idurotea. The language i* Hebrew, 

 with a considerable admixture of Arabic, or, a* others contend, of 

 Aramaic. 



The author i* unknown. The argument* already stated with re- 

 spect to the sge at which Job lived are considered by most critics 

 to prove the very high antiquity of the book. I jghtfoot and others 

 have supposed that Klihu was the author. This idea is founded 

 chiefly on a translation of ch. xxxii. 16-17, the correctnw* of which 

 is very doubtful. A very general opinion among critic* ascribe* it to 

 Moat*. Dr. Mason Good has concluded, from tbe character of tbe 

 book, that tbe writer must have possewed certain qualifications of 

 atyle, knowledge, country, and ago, which are to be found in Moae* 

 alone. The tame writer baa collected a number of pat-sages in which 

 he sees a resemblance to the sentiment* and style of MOMS. (Good, 

 ' Book of Job, Prelim. Disc.,' p. Ivii., Ac.) But the authority of Dr. 

 Mason Good on such a subject is not very high, and on the other 

 hand Bishop Lowth remarks, that the style of Job differs widely from 

 the poetical style of Moses, being much more concise, and more accu- 

 rate in the poetical conformation of sentence*. Several critic*, among 

 whom is Eichhorn, assign to tbe book a date earlier than the time of 

 Moses. Schultens, Lowth, and others suppose Job himcelf, or some 

 contemporary, to have been the anthor, and that the book fell into 

 the bands of Moses while he lived in Idmnxa, and wa* used by him 

 to teach the Israelite* patience and submission to the will of God, 

 either during their bondage in Egypt, or in their subsequent wander- 

 ings. It is alleged that this hypothesis solve* the difficulties arising 

 out of the internal character of the book, and accounts for its admis- 

 sion into the canon of the Hebrew Scriptures. Other critic* assign a 

 much later date to the book ; several nave ascribed it to Solomon, 

 chiefly on the ground of a resemblance between certain passage* in 

 it and in the Proverb*. Umbreit place* it at the time of the Babylonish 

 captivity (Umbreit, ' Venion of the Book of Job,' in tho 'Biblical 

 Cabinet,' Introduction). 



The canonical authority of the Book of Job is established by fre- 

 quent quotations from it, both in the Old and New Testament 



The design of this book appean to be to teach patience under suffer- 

 ing, from the doctrine of a Divine Providence governing all things. It 

 consists of a controversy between Job and three friends who came to 

 visit him in his distress, on the question whether men enjoy prosperity 

 or suffer adversity in this life according as their actions are good or 

 nicked. At ch. xxxii. a new disputant is introduced in the person of 

 Elihu, who reproves both parties for the sentiments they had expressed ; 

 and at length the dispute is decided by the interposition of God him- 

 self. The integrity of Job, which his friends had called in question 

 on account of his calamities, in vindicated, and he is restored to posses- 

 sions twice as great aa he had before his trial. (Compare James v. 

 10, 11.) 



JODE, PIETER DE, the name of two celebrated engravers of 

 Antwerp, father and son. 



The elder, the son of Gerard de Jode, likewise an engraver, was 

 born in 1570. He was the pupil of Golzius, studied and worked in 

 Italy and at Paris, and died at Antwerp in 1634. De Jode engraved 

 many plates in a good style, among them tbe remarkable picture of 

 the ' Last Judgment,' by Cousin, in twelve sheets, making altogether 

 about sixteen square feet, four each way : it is one of the largest print* 

 in existence. 



The younger De Jode, or PETRUS DE JODE, JUNIOR, as be signed 

 himself on bis prints, was born at Antwerp in 1606, and was instructed 

 in engraving by his father, whom he soon surpassed in execution, espe- 

 cially in the nude, and equalled in correctness of drawing, He worked 

 with his father in Paris. His numerous portraits after Vandyck are 

 bis best works ; among them are hi* own, and those of Jordacus, 

 Poelemburg, Suellina, De Coster, and others, painters of Antwerp. 

 He executed also some good prints after Rubens. Tlio date of his 

 death is not known. 



ARNOLD DE JODE was the son of the younger Pieter, and wa* born 

 at Antwerp about 1636. He is said to have been in London in 1667, 

 and then to have engraved a print after the picture by Correggio, 

 which belonged to Charles I., of 'Mercury instructing Cupid,' which 

 is now in the National Gallery. Scarcely anything is known of 

 him personally : as an engraver he wo* inferior to his father and 

 grandfather. 



JOKL, one of the twelve minor Hebrew propbetr. In the first vene 

 of the first chapter of his prophecy we are told that he was the son of 

 PethueL Beyond this we have no certain information respecting him. 

 The pseudo-Epiphanius states that he was born at Beth-boron, on the 

 confines of Judah and Benjamin. He prophesied in tbe kingdom of 

 Judah, but in what reign ia uncertain. Tho most probablo opinion 

 is that which places bis prophecy in tbe reign of Uzziah, contemporary 

 with Amos and Hosea, between B.C. 800 and 780. He appears to refer 

 to tbe same events as Amos (compare Joel, ch. i. with Amos iv. 6-9, 

 and Joel ii. 4-6 with Amos i. 9, 10); and lie doe* not mention tbe 

 Assyrians or the Babylonian* among the euemiea of Judah, but only 

 Egypt and Edom (ch. iii. 19). Other opinions have referred him to tho 

 reign of Joram (B.C. 895883), and to that of Maiiasscu (u.c. 697 

 642). 



The prophecy of Joel may bo divided into two part*. In the first 



