JOHANNJEUS, FINNUS. 



JOHN (OF ENGLAND). 



630 



he describee a famine caused by the ravages of insects, and exhorts 

 the people to repentance ; denouncing still greater judgments if they 

 continue impenitent, and promising the return of prosperity and plenty 

 if they attend to his warning. The second part, beginning at cli. ii. 

 28, alludes to events much more remote. The prophetic passage in 

 ch. ii. 28-32, is quoted by the apostle Peter as accomplished by the 

 miraculous gift of tongues on the day of Pentecost (Acts ii. 17-21). 

 The remainder of the prophecy is supposed to be at present unfulfilled. 



The canonical authority of this book has never been disputed. It 

 is established by other quotations in addition to the remarkable one 

 just mentioned. 



Bishop Lowth (' Prselect.,' xxi) remarks on the style of Joel : " He 

 is elegant, perspicuous, copious, and fluent : he is also sublime, ani- 

 mated, and energetic. In the first and second chapters he displays 

 the full force of the prophetic poetry, ami shows how naturally it 

 inclines to the use of metaphors, allegories, and comparisons. But 

 while we allow this just commendation to his perspicuity both in 

 language and arrangement, we must not deny that there is sometimes 

 great obscurity observable in his subject, and particularly in the latter 

 part of the prophecy." 



JOHANN.EUS, FINNUS. [JoirssoN, Fran.] 



JOHANNOT, CHARLES-HENRI-ALFRED, was born in 1800 at 

 Offenbach, in Hesse-Darmstadt, of a family of French refugees who 

 bad settled in Germany after the revocation of the edict of Nantes. 

 He commenced his professional life as an engraver, in which art he 

 practised fur some time with a fair share of success. As a painter he first 

 attracted notice in 1831, when he exhibited the 'Naufrage de Don Juan ' 

 and ' Cinq Mars.' Other picture* followed, some of which obtained 

 places at Versailles and other royal and public galleries, he having 

 attracted the notice of Louis Philippe, by whom he was employed to 

 paint various court and ceremonial pieces ; but he found time to paint 

 also several picture* from older French history, as ' Francis I. et Charles 

 Quint;' ' Henri II. et Catherine de Medicis,' Ac. It was however, as a 

 designer of vignettes, that Alfred Johauuot acquired his greatest 

 celebrity ; and hi* popularity in this branch of art was steadily in- 

 creasing up to the time of his premature death, December 7, 1837. 

 To the English reader Alfred Jobaunot is perhaps best known by his 

 very clever designs for the French illustrated editions of Scott, Byron, 

 and Cooper. 



JOHANNOT, TONY, born at Offenbach, November 9, 1803, is still 

 better known in England as a designer of book-engravings than his 

 brother Alfred. Like his brother, Tony also commenced his profes- 

 .-ional career as an engraver. His first painting was exhibited at the 

 Exposition of 1831, ' Un Soldat buvant ;i la porte d'une Hutellerie.' 

 Like his brother he looked to English as well as French history and 

 literature for subjects for his pencil. Among his chief pictures are 

 enumerated the 'Chanson de Douglas' (1835); 'La Siesta' (1841); 

 Amire" et Valentine' (1844); ' BaUille de Fontenoy,' now at Ver- 

 sailles; 'Petite Braconniers' (1848); and 'Scene de Pillage' (1851). 

 Though on the whole less successful than hii brother as a painter, 

 when, like him, he turned to designing for the wood-engraver, he 

 proved at least equally happy ; and as his life was more prolonged, 

 he enjoyed greater opportunities of displaying the versatility of his 

 pencil. Among the more important of his book illustrations may bo 

 mentioned ' Werther,' the designs for which he etched himself; Ho- 

 here's works ; ' Manon Lescant ; ' ' Jerome Paturot ; ' the Romances of 

 George Sand; the ' Vicar of Wakefield ;' Sterne's 'Sentimental Jour- 

 ney,' Ac. His illustrations, though not unfrequeutly a little exaggerated, 

 and sometimes verging on caricature, are almost always characteristic, 

 mod full of knowledge and refinement, rendering the works he illus- 

 trated among the very beat examples of their class. He died 

 suddenly from an attack of apoplexy, August 4, 1852. 



JOHN, King of England, surnamed Sansterre, or Lackland, a 

 common appellation of younger sons whose age prevented them from 

 holding fiefs, was the youngest of the five sons of Henry II. by his 

 queen Eleanor of Guienne, and was born in the King's Manor House at 

 Oxford, 24th of December 1166. In his youth he was created by his 

 father Earl of Montague in Normandy ; and in 1176 he was contracted 

 in marriage to Johanna, or Hadwisa, the youngest daughter of William 

 earl of Gloucester (son of the great Earl Robert, natural son of 

 Henry I.), who thereupon made Johanna his sole heir. The marriage 

 was actually celebrated on the 29th of August 1189. Henry, having 

 after his conquest of Ireland obtained a bull from the pope authorising 

 him to invest any ono of his sons with the lordship of that country, 

 conferred the dignity upon John in a great council held at Oxford in 

 1178. In March 1185 John went over to take into his own hands the 

 government of his dominions ; but the insolent demeanour of the prince 

 and his attendants so disgusted and irritated the Irish of all classes, 

 that his father found it necessary to recal him in the following Decem- 

 ber. John however was his father's favourite sou, in part perhaps 

 from the circumstance that his youth had prevented him from joining 

 in any of the repeated rebellions of his brothers ; and it is said, that a 

 suspicion began to be at last entertained by Richard, when, of the five 

 brothers, he and John alone survived, that Henry intended to settle 

 the crown of England upon the latter. According to this story, it was 

 chiefly to prevent such an arrangement that Richard, joining Philip of 

 France, flew to arms in January 1189; but if so, it is difficult to 

 account for the fact that John himself was found to be upon this 



occasion in confederacy with his elder brother, a discovery which 

 was only made by their heart-broken father upon his deathbed. 

 [HENRY II.] 



No opposition was offered by John to the accession of Richard, who 

 endeavoured to attach him by the gift of such honours and possessions 

 as amounted almost to sharing the kingdom with him. In addition to 

 his Norman earldom of Montague, and that of Gloucester, which he 

 acquired by his marriage, those of Cornwall, Dorset, Somerset, Not- 

 tingham, Derby, and Lancaster were bestowed upon him, so that there 

 was thus placed under his immediate jurisdiction nearly a third of 

 England. Richard however had not been long absent when his ambi- 

 tious brother proceeded to take his measures for at least securing the 

 crown to himself in case of the king's death, if not for an earlier 

 seizure of it. The person next in the regular line of succession was 

 Arthur, duke of Brittany, the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey, au 

 infant of little more than two years old at the accession of Richard, 

 who however recognised him as his heir, and had desired that his 

 rights should be maintained by William de Lougchamp, the bishop of 

 Ely, whom during his absence he left in charge of the government. 

 John accordingly directed his first efforts to the removal of the bishop, 

 which, having obtained the co-operation of a strong party of the barons, 

 he at length accomplished by actual force, in October 1191. When 

 the intelligence of Richard's captivity arrived in 1193, John at once 

 openly took steps for the immediate usurpation of the throne. Repairing 

 in haste to Paris, he secured the aid of Philip Augustus by the surrender 

 of part of Normandy, and then, returning to England, proceeded to 

 collect an army for the maintenance of his pretensions. In this attempt 

 however he was successfully resisted by the loyal part of the nobility ; 

 and he also failed in his endeavours to induce the emperor, by the 

 promise of a large bribe, to retain his brother in prison. On the 

 return of Richard to England, in March 1194, John's castles and 

 estates were seized by the crown, and he and his chief adviser, Hugh, 

 bishop of Coventry, were charged with high treason. John fled to 

 Normandy, whither he was followed by the king at the head of an 

 army ; but the traitor made his peace by an abject submission, and, 

 his mother seconding his supplications for pardon, he was allowed to 

 retain his life and his liberty, and even restored to some measure of 

 favour, though the restitution of his castles and territorial possessions 

 was for a time firmly refused. Even that however was at length 

 granted to his importunities and those of his mother ; and it is further 

 said, that Richard, when on his deathbed, was induced to declare John 

 his successor. 



John was present when Richard expired at Chaluz, 6th of April 

 1199, and before visiting England he hastened to secure the submission 

 of the various continental territories of the crown. Upon repairing 

 to Anjou and the other original possessions of the Plantagenets, he 

 found the prevalent feeling strongly in favour of his nephew Arthur ; 

 but both in Normandy, and also in Poitou and Aquitaine, where his 

 mother's influence was predominant, his pretensions were readily 

 acknowledged. Meanwhile in England, by the activity of the j usticiary 

 Fitz-Peter, a unanimous resolution to receive him as king had been 

 obtained from a great council held at Northampton. Soon after this 

 John made his appearance in person ; and he was solemnly crowned at 

 Westminster, on the 26th of May, the festival of the Ascension. The 

 years of his reign are reckoned from Ascension-day to Ascension-day. 



Philip Augustus having, for his owu purposes, espoused the cause 

 of Arthur, whom he had got into his possession, soon overran both 

 Normandy and Anjou; but in May 1200, John purchased a peace by a 

 heavy pecuniary payment and the cession of several towns and other 

 territories to the French king, who on his part relinquished such of 

 his conquests as were not thus permanently made over to him, and 

 also compelled Arthur to do homage to his uncle for Brittany. The 

 next year John, having become tired of his wife, or never having been 

 attached to her, procured a divorce on the plea of consanguinity, and 

 married Isabella, daughter of Aymar count of Angoul6me, who had 

 already been betrothed, and even privately espoused, to Hugh count 

 of La Marche. The complaints of the count in consequence of this 

 injury gave Philip such a pretence as he wanted for renewing the war: 

 he immediately took Arthur again by the hand, and putting him 

 forward as the legitimate lord of the old fiefs of the Plantagenets, 

 rapidly obtained possession of all the most important towns and 

 places of strength in those countries. Arthur however, while he was 

 besieging the castle of Mirabean in Poitou, which was held by John's 

 mother, Queen Eleanor, was taken captive by his uncle (1st of August 

 1202) : the unfortunate young prince was immediately consigned to 

 close custody in the castle of Falaiso, from which he was soon after 

 removed to Rouen, and having never been seen more, was universally 

 believed to have been there put out of existence by his uncle's order. 

 Indeed, it was generally said that he had been murdered by John's 

 own hand, an imputation which the latter never took the trouble to 

 deny. Arthur's sister Eleanor, to whom devolved his claim to the 

 inheritance of the English crown, was carried over to England, and 

 confined in the castle of Bristol, in which prison she remained till hrr 

 death in 1241. Notwithstanding the capture of Arthur however the 

 war in France went wholly against John ; and before the end of the 

 year 1204 Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and Touraine were rent from 

 the crown of England, and re-annexed to that of France, from which 

 they had been separated for nearly three centuries. Two years after- 



