633 



JOHN I. (POPE). 



JOHN XXIII. (POPE). 



634 



1, Henry, who succeeded him as Henry III. ; 2, Richard, born January 5, 

 1208, created Earl of Cornwall 1226, elected King of the Romans 1257, 

 died 2nd April 1272 ; 3, Joan, married June 25, 1221, to Alexander II. 

 of Scotland, died March 4, 1238 ; 4, Eleanor, married, first, 1235, to 

 William Marshall, earl of Pembroke, secondly, 1238, to Simon Mont- 

 fort, earl of Leicester; and 5, Isabella, born 1214, married 20th July 

 1235, to Frederic IL, emperor of Germany, died 1st December 1241. 

 Several natural children are also assigned to him, none of whose names 

 however make any figure in our history. 



JOHN L, a native of Tuscany, succeeded Hormisdas in the see of 

 Rome, in 523. He was employed by King Theodoric on a mission to 

 the Emperor Justin of Constantinople; but after his return, from 

 some unknown cause, he incurred the displeasure of Theodoric, and 

 was put in prison, where he died in 526. 



JOHN II. succeeded Boniface II. in 532, being elected by the clergy 

 and the people of Rome, and confirmed by King Athalaric, for which 

 confirmation a certain payment was fixed by an edict of the same 

 king. He died in 535. 



JOHN III., a native of Rome, was elected to succeed Pelagius I. 

 in 560, and was confirmed by the exarch of Ravenna in the name of 

 the Emperor Justinian. Two French bishops, of Embrim and of 

 Gap, having been deposed by local councils, appealed to John, who 

 ordered their restoration, which Gontram, the Burgundian king, 

 enforced in opposition to the French clergy, who asserted their inde- 

 pendence of the Roman see. John died in 574. 



JOHN IV., a native of Dalmatia, succeeded Severinus in 640. 

 He condemned the heresy of the Monothelites [EuiYCHEs], and died 

 in 642. 



JOHN V., a native of Syria, succeeded Benedict IL in 686, and 

 died after a few months. 



JOHN VI., a native of Greece, succeeded Sergius I. in 702. In a 

 council which he held at Rome ha acquitted Wilfred, archbishop of 

 York, of several charges brought against him by the English clergy. 

 He died in 705. 



JOHN VII., also a Greek, succeeded John VI., and died in 707. 



JOHN VIII., who has been styled the IX. by those who believed 

 in the story of Pope Joan, whom they style John VIII. [JOAN, 

 POPE], succeeded Adrian II. in 872. He crowned Charles the Bald 

 emperor, and after him also Charles the Fat. He confirmed the 

 exaltation of Photius to the see of Constantinople. He had disputes 

 with the marquises of Tuscany and the dukes of Spoleto, and died 

 in 882, after a busy pontificate. 



JOHN IX. was elected in 898, held two councils at Rome and 

 Ravenna, and died about the year 900. 



JOHN X. succeeded Lando in 915. He crowned Bercngarius as 

 king of Italy and emperor. The Saracens from Africa, who had 

 landed in Italy and fortified themselves near the bonks of the Liris, 

 made frequent irruptions into the Roman territory. John, united 

 with Berengarius and the dukes of Benevento and Naples, marched in 

 person against them, and completely routed and exterminated them. 

 The famous Marozia, a Roman lady of very loose conduct, and her 

 husband, Guido, duke of Tuscany, ruled at Rome by force and 

 intrigue. John, having had repeated disputes with them, was at 

 length seized by their satellites in his palace of the Lateran, and thrown 

 into prison, where he was put to death, according to report, in 927. 



JOHN XI., son of Marozia, succeeded Stephen VIII. in 931. Hia 

 brother Alberico headed a revolt of the Romans against his mother, 

 who was secured in prison, and her new husband King Hugo was 

 driven away from the city. John himself was closely watched by his 

 brother, and died in the year 936, not without suspicion of violence. 



JOHN XII., originally called Octavianus, sou of Alberico and 

 grandson of Marozia, succeeded Agapitus in 956, while he was only 

 in his nineteenth year. In 960 he crowned at Rome Otho I. of 

 Germany as emperor and king of Italy. But some time after the 

 complaints against his licentious conduct became so loud, that the 

 emperor returned to Rome, and there in an assembly of the clergy 

 caused John to be deposed and Leo VIII. to be elected in his stead, in 

 963. In the following year however John re-entered Rome at the 

 head of numerous partisans, drove out Leo, and committed many 

 acts of cruelty. Otho, who was then in the north of Italy, was pre- 

 paring to return to Rome at the head of his troops, when John fell 

 suddenly ill, and died hi 964. I'anvinius, in a note to Platiua's account 

 of Pope Joan, suggests that the licentiousness of John XII., who 

 among his numerous mistresses had one called Joan who exercised 

 the chief influence at Rome during his pontificate, may have given 

 rise to the story of ' Pope Joan.' 



JOHN XIIL, Bishop of Narni, succeeded Benedict V. in 965, with 

 the approbation of the emperor Otho, but soon after the Romans 

 revolted and imprisoned John. Otho however marched to Rome, 

 reinstated John, and hanged thirteen of the leaders of the revolt. 

 John crowned at Rome Otho IL, sou and successor of Otho I., and 

 died in 972. 



JOHN XIV., Bishop of Pavia and chancellor to Otho II., succeeded 

 Benedict VII. in the see of Rome in 983. Boniface VII., an intruder, 

 entered Rome soon after, and put John in prison, where he died of 

 violence, after a pontificate of only nine months. 



JOHN XV. (styled XVI. by some who place before him another 

 John, who U said to have lived only a few days after hia election) 



was elected in 985. The disturbances of the patrician or consul 

 Crescentius began in his pontificate. John however remained at 

 Rome, and kept on good terms with Cresceutius. He died in 996. 



JOHN XVII., a Calabrian and Bishop of Piacenza, was appointed 

 Pope in 997 by Crescentius, in opposition to Gregory V., but Otho III. 

 came to Rome, imprisoned and mutilated John, and put to death 

 Crescentius and his partisans. [GREGORY V.] John however is 

 generally numbered in the series of the Popes. 



JOHN XVIII. succeeded Sylvester II. in 1003, and died four months 

 after his election. 



JOHN XIX. succeeded the preceding, and died about 1009. Tho 

 history of the popes during this period is very obscure, and the 

 chronology confused. 



JOHN XX., son of Count Gregory of Tuscany, succeeded his 

 brother Benedict VIII. in the year 1024. He crowned the Emperor 

 Conrad, and died in 1034. 



JOHN XXL, a native of Lisbon, succeeded Adrian V. in 1277, and 

 died about three months after. 



JOHN XXII., James of Cahors in France, succeeded Clement V. 

 in 1316, and, like him, took up his residence at Avignon. He was a 

 man of considerable abilities, but he has been taxed with avarice and 

 worldliness. The crown of Germany was then contested between 

 Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria, and John, assuming the 

 right of deciding, excommunicated Louis. But this measure produced 

 little effect in Germany; the diet of Frankfurt declared that the 

 imperial authority depended upon God alone, and that the pope had 

 no temporal authority, direct or indirect, within the empire. In Italy 

 however John met with greater success ; his ally, Robert, king of 

 Naples, defeated the Ghibelines, and the pope excommunicated Mattco 

 Visconti, the great leader of that party, and likewise Frederick, king 

 of Sicily. Between Guelphs and Ghibelines, Italy was at that time 

 in a dreadful state of confusion. The pope preached a crusade against 

 Visconti, Cane della Scala, and the Este, as heretics. Robert, with 

 the assistance of the pope, aspired to the dominion of all Italy, and 

 the pope sent a legate, who, at the head of an army, assisted Robert 

 and the other Guelphs against the Ghibelines of Lombardy. But the 

 Ghibelines had clever leaders ; Castruccio Castracani, Cane della 

 Scala, and the Visconti kept the fate of the war in suspense, and 

 Louis of Bavaria seat troops to their assistance. Louis came himself 

 to Italy in 1327, and after being crowned at Milan with the iron crown, 

 he proceeded to Rome, where the Colonna and other Ghibelines roused 

 the people in his favour, and drove away the papal legate. Louis was 

 crowned emperor in St. Peter's by the bishops of Venice and of 

 Aleria, after which he held an assembly in the square before the 

 church, in which he summoned James of Cahors (meaning the pope) 

 to appear to answer the charges of heresy and high treason against 

 him. After this mock citation, the emperor proceeded to depose the 

 pope and to appoint in his stead Peter de Corvara, a monk of Abruzzo, 

 who assumed the name of Nicholas V. Louis also proclaimed a law, 

 which was sanctioned by the people of Rome, to the effect that the 

 pope should reside at Rome, and if absent for more than three months, 

 should be considered as deposed. Louis now returned to the north 

 of Italy, and thence to Germany. Castruccio and Cane della Scala 

 died, and the Guelphs and the papal legate began to resume the 

 preponderance. In 1334 John XXIL died at Avignon, leaving the 

 affairs of Italy as embroiled as ever, and eighteen millions of golden 

 florins in his coffers, besides jewels. It was under his pontificate 

 that the clergy and people of the towns were deprived of the right of 

 electing their bishops, which right he reserved to himself, on payment 

 of certain fees by the person elected. He was also the inventor of 

 the Annates, or First Fruits. 



JOHN XXIII., Cardinal Cossa, succeeded Alexander V. in 1410. 

 He supported the claims of Louis of Anjou against Ladislaus, kiug 

 of Naples ; but Ladislaus, having defeated his rival in battle, advanced 

 to Rome, and obliged the pope to escape to Florence. John preached 

 a crusade against Ladislaus, which gave occasion to denunciations and 

 invectives from John Huss. Meantime the great schism continued, 

 and Gregory, styled XII., and Benedict, antipope, divided with John 

 the homage of the Christian states. John, in his exile, wishing to 

 secure the favour of the Emperor Sigismund, proposed to him the 

 convocation of a general council to restore peace to the church, and 

 Sigismund fixed on the city of Constance as the place of assembly. 

 On hearing of the death of Ladislaus, by which event Rome became 

 again open to him, John repented of what he had proposed, but was 

 obliged to comply with the general wish by repairing to Constance. 

 The fathers of the council decided that John, as well as his two 

 rivals, should renounce their claims to the papacy as the only means 

 of restoring peace. John signed the form of renunciation, but soon 

 after, by the assistance of Frederick of Austria, he was conveyed out 

 of the city, and resumed his authority by ordering the council to 

 dissolve. But the council, in its fourth and fifth sessions, decided by 

 a solemn decree that the general council once assembled is superior 

 to the pope, and can receive no orders from him. A formal process 

 being instituted against John, sixty charges were laid against him, 

 of which only part wsre made public. Witnesses being heard, a 

 solemn deposition was pronounced on the 29th of May 1415, to which 

 John submitted, and was then given into the custody of the elector 

 palatine. After the election of Martin V. and the termination of the 



