JOMIHI, HKNRL 



JONES, INIOO. 





forgotten; bat hie ' MUM pro Defunct!*,' or ' Requiem,' tliera produced, 

 will remain a* monument of his geniua. When tho Duke of Witr- 

 tomberg WM obliged to redue* hU establishment, Jouielli w<>nt to 

 Naples, where the ill succeu of tiro new opera* operated to powerfully 

 OB hi* .cnaitive mind, that an attack of praly*is was the consequence. 

 From UiU however be sufficiently recovered to compose a Cantata anil 

 a Miwrer*,' the Utter being by many considered the fineet of hi* 

 work*. He died at Naple*, In 1774. 



Jomelli has been not unaptly called the ' OlUok of Italy.' He pos- 

 weed the deep feeling and vigour that characterised the German 

 compoew, and i* nearly as rich in accompaniment*. Indeed in hi* 

 admirable eeena, ' Berenice, ore tci f ' in the serious opera of ' Lucio 

 Veto,' he not only left at an unmeasurable distance all former and 

 contemporary composer*, but gave birth to a work wliMi in its way 

 liai hardly yet been surpassed, if ever equalled. His 'Cbaconne,' 

 though not of ao high an order of composition a* tome of the above- 

 named works ha* by its great and long-continued popularity given 

 proof of it* originality and sterling merit. 



-.loMINI, HK.NU'l. historian appointed by Napoleon I. to write the 

 military record* of hi* reign, was bora March 6, 1779,-at Payerne, in 

 the I'ay* de Vaud, of which canton his fiither wag, for several years, 

 principal magistrate. In very early life he waa placed in n merchant's 

 office, and in that employment he continued for eight or nine years. 

 In 1795, he was enrolled in the Swiss militia, and he attained the rank 

 of lieutenant-colonel before he had completed his twentieth year. 

 At this time, the sudden invasion of Switzerland, and its speedy 

 subjugation by Menard and Brune, deprived him of his rank in 

 the army, as well a* of his civil office, anil, having to begin his 

 career again, he proceeded to Par!*, in 1799, in quest of a new 

 vocation. 



He spent the next few yean in commercial pursuits of a desultory 

 kind; and was beginning to establish himself as a stockbroker, when 

 he became acquainted with General Ney, and his future pursuits were 

 fixed. Supported by the powerful recommendation of that general, 

 he received a valuable appointment in one of the large mercantile 

 houses of 1'oria ; with ample leisure to pursue his studies of military 

 tactic*, which he had begun as a mere boy, but which had been inter- 

 rupted by the conquest of hi* country. In 1804, at the age only of 

 twenty-five, he produced the first part of his ' TraiUS des Grnndes 

 Operations Militaires,' which determined Ney to attach hitn perma- 

 nently to the French army, and to recommend him to the First 

 Consul. Shortly after he was appointed aide-de-camp to that general, 

 with the rank of chef-de-bataillon. For the five ensuing years, Jomini 

 attended the manual in every campaign, and exhibited as much skill 

 in tho closet a* daring in the field. At Michelsberg lie led the storming 

 party and carried the heights; and in 1805, the clear and decided 

 plan he drew up for tho lino of march of the sixth corps, contributed 

 to the capture of Mack's army. Meanwhile, Napoleon, who had read 

 and approved of his ' TraitcY made him a colonel. He distinguished 

 himself alo in the campaign of Prussia, in 1806, especially at the 

 battle of Jena, in the very crisis of which he rescued Marshal Ney 

 from a most perilous position, when sorely pressed by Prince llohunlohe. 

 For this exploit he was created a baron. Colonel Jomini accompanied 

 Marab.nl Ney into Spain in 1808; but in 1809, his enemies, jealous of 

 the consideration he bad acquired by hi* strategical skill, found means 

 to prejudice his benefactor against him, and Colonel Jomini was 

 suspended for a time from active service. Mortified by this troattn- nt, 

 the colonel applied for his discharge in 1810, having already determined 

 to enter the Russian service. Tbe French Emperor however refused 

 to part with him, and promoted him to a brigade. Not long after 

 this, General Jomini was appointed historiographer of the empire, 

 and when the Russian campaign was opened, in 1812, ho was com- 

 ini-sione-1 to write the history of the Grande Armce. Few officers 

 exhibit* d more zeal or greater fortitude than Jomini throughout this 

 disastrous expedition ; his real talent* were now appreciated, he was 

 made governor of Wilna, then of Smolensko, and he again rescued 

 Marshal Ney from a position of great peril. 



After the battle of Luteen, in 1813, he returned to the staff of 

 Marshal Ney ; soon after ho distinguished himself so much nt the 

 battle of llnutzen, that Ney urged tho emperor to hmke Jomini a 

 general of division. Far from complying, Napoleon, on somo new 

 ground of displeasure, suspended him a second time. Irritated by 

 tbi* treatment, General Jomini resolved to break for ever with Napo- 

 leon ; ha therefore accepted the rank of lieutenant-general in the 

 Kumian army, was tried by court-martial for desertion of that which 

 he had left, and though absent, sentenced to be shot Still, in Fpite 

 of this appointment, Urneral Jomini did not take an active part in 

 the war of 1814 against France. In 1818 he returned to Paris for a 

 short time, and received the cross of St. Louis from the restored king. 

 At the aarne time be employed every means he could devise to 

 prevent the execution of Marshal Ney. After tlm war be settled in 

 Ittwsia, and introduced many important reform*, both theoretical ai.d 

 pmi-tical, into the military system of that country. In 1855 ho 

 received permission from the Czar to settle in Ilrussels. 



1'tside* tho work already mentioned, Cm* ral Jomin! has published 

 the following : ' Correspondance cntre lo ( Ii'iiOral Jomini et le Gdndral 

 Berrazin mr U Cainpagne de 1813;' 'Histoire dos Guerre* de 

 FWdoricII.,' 1818; 'Principee de la Btratogie,' 1818; 'Vie politique 



,.t militaire de Napoleon,' 1M7 ; ' Proois de 1'Art de la Guerre,' 



.la la CampiMrne do 181 5,' 1839 ; ' Atla* Militaire, 1 Aa, all of 

 which are deemed of groat excellence by military man. 



.ION All WA* one of the twelve minor Hebrew prophet*, i 

 mentioned in 2 King* xiv. 25, where we are told that Jeroboam II. 

 " restored the coast of Israel from the entering of Hamatli uir 

 So i of the plain, according to the word of the Lord God of Israel, 

 which he spake by the baud of his servant Jonah, tho son of Amittai, 

 the prophet, which wa* of G.itli-ll -ph.-r," or tiittah lli-ph r ( 

 xix. 13), a city near the eastern boundary of tho tribe of Zebulun, 

 which formed a part of the kingdom of Israel, and afterward* of 

 Galilee. From this paesage most critics have supposed that Jonah 

 lived uiu'.er Jeroboam II., who reigned from 

 Bishop Lloyd places him near the close of Jehu's reign, or the < 

 niug of that of Jehoahas. The book of Jonah, with the except! 'n <>f 

 tho highly poetical prayer in chap, iii., is entirely narrative. It may 

 be divided into two parts. The first (chaps, i. and it) relate* tho 

 attempt of Jonah to evade God'* command to preaoh to the ; 

 of Mill-veil by fleeing to Joppa, and there embarking in a ship 

 for Tarahish ; his being thrown into the sea and swallowed by a. fish, 

 in tho belly of which he remained three days and throe nights; ami 

 his deliverance from the fish, which at the command of the Lord 

 vomited him out upon the dry laud. Tho second part gives an 

 account of his second commission to Nineveh, where the kin 

 people repented at his preaching (chap, iii.); his anger because God, 

 upon the people's repentance, did not execute the judgments which 

 the prophet had predicted, and the striking reproof which Jmiah 

 received (chap. iv.). The history of Jonah is referred to in several 

 passage* of the New Testament (Matt, xii 39-41 ; xvi. 4 ; Luke xi. 

 29, 30, 32). The canonical authority of the book is generally 

 admitted. 



Bochart supposes that the fish which swallowed Jonah was a 

 species of shark ('Bocharti Opera,' torn, iii., p. 742), and Townsend 

 endeavours to identify it with the idol-fish worshipped at Ascalon 

 uti'ler the namo Derceto. 



(The Introduction of Uorne and Jahn; Colmet, Dictionary; 

 Townsend, Old Tatamcnt arranged in Chronological Order ; Rosen- 

 muller, Scholia; and list of commentators in Watt's Bibliotkeca 

 Britannica.) 



JONATHAN APPHUS was the youngest brother of Judas Macca- 

 b,neu, on whose death he was chosen commander of the Jewish fore s. 

 After carrying on the war with some success for a few years he 

 made peace with B:icchides, the general of Demetrius Soter. At the 

 commencement of Alexander's insurrection [ALEXANDER BAL.VS, vol. i. 

 col. 1119] Jonathan's alliance was warmly courted both by Demetrius 

 and by Alexander. He joined the Utter, by whom he was app 

 high-priest (B.C. 153). He continued in great favour with Alexander 

 during that king's life, and defeated Apollonius, the goveruor of 

 Cccle-Syria, who had espoused the cause of Dometrius Nicator. He 

 also laid siege to the Syrian garrison in the castle on Mount /.ion. On 

 the accession "f 1 >cmetrius Nicator, Jonathan succeeded in obtaining 

 the confirmation of his power; but, disgusted by the faithl>-s 

 ment he afterwards received from Demetrius, he joined th 

 rection of Trypho in favour of Antiochus Theos, whose cause ho 

 supported with great success. He also confirmed the alliance mado 

 by Judas with the Homaus. Trypho had put Antiochus on the ' 

 with tho purpose of afterwards usurping it himself. Dreading tlie 

 powerful opposition of Jonathan, he took him by tre:tc!iury and put 

 him to death, in B.C. 144. (1 ilac:a'<cct, chaps, ii.-xii. ; Josephus, 

 Antiquities of tlix Jewi, hook xiii., chaps. i.-vL; Jahn, Hebrew Com- 

 monwealth, vol. i.) 



JUNKS, INIQO, who has been styled tho English Palladlo, and who 

 forms an epoch in the history of architecture in this country, was born 

 in tho neighbourhood of St. Paul's in London, where his fatiier was a 

 respectable cloth-worker. Of his youth and education very little in 

 kuown, except that by his talent for drawing ho attracted the 

 of William earl of Pembroke, by whom ho was sent abroad, where ho 

 spent three or four years studying with his pencil, measuring and 

 examining various remains of antiquity, as well as modern building*. 

 At that period such work required much greater application and dili- 

 gence than at present, when almost every ancient building has boon 

 shown in engravings, and when the student has been previously 

 familiarised, at home with specimens of almost every style, includ- 

 ing those of edifices avowedly Italian in their design. Jones, on 

 the contrary, found himself in au entirely new world of art, for tho 

 ancient orders were then utterly unknown in England, nor were tho 

 Italian orders known, except as exhibited in diminutive columns, 

 pilaster*, entablatures, and pediment", applied merely as ad.-ci- 

 ornaments patched upon a degenerate Tudor stylo. So fur the time* 

 niuently propitious to Jones, nothing more being required than 

 fur him to transplant the full-grown Italian style, as he. found it in tho 

 works of Palladia and that school, in order at once to obtain the cele- 

 brity of an originator. It was not however uutil many year.* after hU 

 first visit to Italy that he fully adopted tho ' classic ' taste. 



About 1604 he was invited from Italy to Denmark by Christian IV., 

 for whom he is said to have de-ii;ned part of the buildings of the royal 

 chateau of Frederiksborg, and also the palace of llosenborg. For- 

 tunately this is doubtful, there being nothing in tho architecture of 



