615 



JOKES, JOHN, LL.D. 



JONES, OWEN. 



640 



either of these that would reflect any credit on the taste of our 

 English Palladio. Yet, whether the patronage of the Danish monarch 

 did much for Jones or not, in itself, it promoted his interest at the 

 English court, Christian's sister being the queen of James I. Inigo 

 returned to England in 1605, and was immediately employed at court 

 in devising the machinery and decorations of the costly masques and 

 pageants then in vogue. For a time Ben Jonsou was associated with 

 him in this occupation, but Jones's arrogance disgusted the somewhat 

 cral.bed poet, who, after a good deal of mutual bickering, threw up 

 his share of the duty ; and subsequently introduced numerous refer- 

 ences in his plays to Jones, under contemptuous nick-names. 



Jones waa soon after his return to England appointed architect to 

 the queen and to Prince Henry. Kone of his best works belong to 

 this period, for it was not till after his second return from Italy, which 

 be again visited in 1612, on the death of the prince, that he eniauci 

 pated himself from the mesquin style that had succeeded the dowufal 

 of Tudor architecture. Without this second residence in Italy he 

 might have designed a palace for Whitehall quite as extensive as the 

 one he actually made, but it would, no doubt, have been very different 

 in style. On his return he was appointed to be surveyor-general of 

 the royal buildings, and commenced his plans for that just mentioned. 

 Soon after the only portion ever built of it, namely, the Banqueting 

 House, was completed, he engaged, at the desire of James I., in a task 

 of a very different nature, that of ascertaining the origin and purpose 

 of Stonehenge a task, it h needless to say, for which his previous 

 studies had in no way fitted him : with a ludicrous disregard of all 

 probability he came to the conclusion that this rude circle of unhewn 

 stones was a temple of Coelus, erected by the Romans. 



After the building at Whitehall, Jones was engaged upon the back- 

 front of old Somerset House, and in adding a Corinthian portico to 

 the west front of old St. Paul's. Both of them have been greatly 

 extolled, more especially the latter, but neither remains. We have 

 however another very celebrated production of Inigo's in the church 

 of St. Paul, Covent Garden, in regard to which Quatremere de Quincy, 

 though by no meant unfavourable to him, eays the most remarkable 

 thing about it is the reputation it enjoys. York Stairs, Ashburnliam 

 House, Westminster, a house originally built for the Earl of Linde-ay 

 on the west side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, and Surgeons' Hall, yet remain 

 among his works in the metropolis ; and when we say that the last- 

 meutioned has been asserted by some to have been one of his best, no 

 very flattering notion is conveyed of the taste of his admirers. In 

 fact the Banqueting House is almost the only specimen that accounts 

 for his reputation, and even that we suspect is now more praised as 

 a matter of course, than really admired. The designs for the palace of 

 Whitehall, together with many others by Jones, were published in a 

 folio volume by Kent. To give a list of all the buildings attributed 

 to him, or even of the principal ones in addition to those mentioned, 

 would occupy a considerable space. luigo Jones died in Juue 1653, at 

 the age of eighty. 



JUNKS, JOHN, LL.D., was born in the parish of Llundingat, in 

 Carmarthenshire, where his father was a respectable farmer. He 

 was educated at a grammar school at Brecon, and afterwards became 

 a student at the Unitarian New College, Hackney, where he was a 

 favourite pupil of Gilbert \Vakefielti. In 1792 Mr. Jones was appointed 

 classical and mathematical teacher in the Welsh Academy, Swansea, 

 which situation he held about three yean, and then settled at Ply- 

 mouth Dock as minister of the Unitarian congregation at that place, 

 where he remained two years. He then became minister of the Uui- 

 tarian congregation at Halifax in Yorkshire. In about three years 

 he removed to London, where ho resided during the remainder of 

 his life, chiefly occupied as a classical teacher, and preaching only 

 occasionally in the place of others : he never took charge of a congre- 

 gation. A few years before his death he received the diploma of LL.D. 

 from the University of Aberdeen. He died January 10, 1827. 



Dr. Jones was the author of several works, some of which are 

 relUiom, chiefly in support or defence of the evidences of Christianity. 

 Of these one of the most important was, ' Illustrations of the Four 

 Gospels, founded on circumstances peculiar to our Lord and the 

 Evangelists,' Lond., 1808, 8vo. In 1803 he published a short Latin 

 Grammar for the use of schools; in 1804 a Greek Grammar, which 

 has been frequently reprinted, but the year before his death he re- 

 modelled it, and changed the title to that of ' Etymologia Grtcca.' 

 In 1812 he published a Latin and English Vocabulary, which he 

 rcpublished in 1825 as 'Anthologize Latinae, or a Development of the 

 Analogies by which the Parts of Speech are derived, from each other." 

 But his chief work, to which he devoted a great many years of his 

 .is his ' Greek and English Lexicon,' which was published in 

 1823, in 1 vol. 8vo, and again in 1826. Dr. Jones was one of the first 

 to introduce into this country the practice of teaching Greek through 

 the medium of English instead of Latin; and the first Greek and 

 Kn^lish Lexicon for general use was Dr. Jones's. He afterwards pub- 

 lished an abbreviated edition for the use of schools, 'The Tyru's 

 Greek and English Lexicon.' The success of Dr. Jones's Lexicon was 

 very great, and a Urge impression was soon disposed of. The work, 

 as might be expected, was not without its faults, and waa roughly 

 treated in the second number of the ' Wtstminster Review.' 



JUNKS, JOHN PAUL, was born July 6, 1747, at Arbigland, in the 

 parish of Kirkbenn, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. The narno of hit 



father, who was a gardener, was Paul; the addition of Jones was 

 assumed by the son after he grew up in life. He went to sea at the 

 age of twelve, and after making many voyages to America and other 

 parts, and for a time acting as mate of a slaver, he was, in 1768, made 

 captain and supercargo of a vessel which he had shortly before brought 

 safe into port, having, at the request of those on board, when he was 

 sailing in her as a passenger, taken the command on the death of tho 

 captain and mate. Having in a few years made a good deal of money, 

 ho settled in Virginia in 1773, on a property which fell to him by the 

 death of an elder brother, who had been for some years established 

 there as a planter. After the declaration of their independence by 

 the American colonies, he offered his services in the war against his 

 native country, in which he soon greatly distinguished himself. On 

 being appointed to the command of the Providence, he cruised among 

 the West India Islands, and, as it is stated, made sixteen prizes iu 

 little more than six weeks. In May 1777 he proceeded, by order of 

 the congress, to France, where he was immediately appointed, by 

 Franklin and his brother commissioners, to the command of the 

 Hanger, in which the next year he sailed upon a cruise to the coasts 

 of Britain, and, after making a descent by night at Whitehaven, where 

 he spiked the guns of the forts and set fire to one or two vessels, 

 besides plundering the house of the Earl of Selkirk on the opposite 

 coast of Scotland, returned to Brest with 200 prisoners, and the boast 

 that he had for some time kept the north-western coast of England 

 and southern coast of Scotland in a state of alarm with his single 

 ship. In the autumn of 1779 he set sail again, with an increased force, 

 on a similar expedition for the eastern coasts of England and Scotland, 

 in which his success and the terror he created were still greater than 

 on the former occasion. Among other exploits, having encountered 

 the Baltic fleet, he, with a squadron of three ships of war and a brig- 

 autine, attacked its convoys, the Serapis frigate and the Countess of 

 Scarborough, off Flamborough Head, on the 23rd of September, and, 

 after a sanguinary engagement, succeeded in capturing the first-men- 

 tioned of these vessels, though the commander, Captain Pearson, 

 fought with the utmost resolution against Jones's superior force. 

 Jones's own ship, the Bonhomme Richard, was so damaged iu the 

 engagement that it sank two days afterwards. For this achievement 

 he was, on his return to Paris, presented by Louis XVI. with a richly 

 ornamented sword, bearing a pompous inscription, was invested with 

 the military order of Merit, and received in every way tho most dis- 

 tinguished reception both from the government, the court, and iu 

 general society. At this time it seems he wrote verses, and evinced a 

 violent ambition to make a figure in the fashionable world. On his return 

 to America, in Feb. 1781, a gold medal was voted to him by congress. 

 He then served till the peace under the French admiral D'Estaing, after 

 which he proceeded to Paris with the appointment of agent for prize- 

 money. Some years afterwards he entered the Russian service with 

 the rank of rear-admiral ; but disputes in which he became involved 

 with the Ruasiau naval authorities soon Compelled him to retire, on 

 which he returned once more to Paris, where he lived till his death, 

 18th of July 1792. Having brought himself into general discredit by 

 his coar.-e, boastful, and quarrelsome habits, while many shuuned him 

 as one whose successes were not only gained against his native country, 

 but in their kind savoured too much of piracy to be consistent with 

 modern notions of legitimate warfare, he gradually sunk into poverty 

 and neglect before he was attacked by disease. By American writers 

 however he is regarded as a hero, and we find him sometimes spoken of 

 as "the naval hero of the Americana iu their war for independence." An 

 inflated account of Jones, which professes to be translated from memoirs 

 written by himself, was published during his life in Paris, ' M(5moire3 

 de Paul Jones, Merits en Anglais par lui-merne et traduits sous ses yeux 

 par la Citoyen An'1r<5,' Paris, 1'au vi. (1798) ; and a Memoir of Jones, 

 by Mr. J. S. Sherburne, was published at Washington iu 1828. Some 

 account of his traditionary reputation may be found in a singular book 

 entitled ' The Scottish Gallovidian Encyclopaedia,' by John Mactaggart, 

 8vo, London, 1824 (pp. 373-876'). According to this writer, who tella 

 us that he lias had his information about Jones " from tho lips of 

 many who personally knew him, and all about his singular ways," ho 

 was " a short thick little fellow, about five feet eight in height, of n 

 dark swarthy complexion." " He was," continues the account, " a com- 

 mon sailor for several years out of the port of Kirkcudbright, and was 

 allowed to be unmatched on that coast for skill in sea matters." 



JONES, OWEN, architect, is well known from his works in that 

 branch of his art to which he has given especial attention, namely, 

 ornamental decoration, and the harmonious effect of colour. This he 

 has applied not merely practically and to the enrichment of the 

 interiors of buildings, but to book illumination and ornamentation ; 

 and a considerable proportion of the 'drawing-room-table books' of 

 the last fifteen years, iu their title-pages, the margins of their loaves, 

 and their bindings, display tasteful designs from Mr. Jones's hand. 

 To chromatic decoration his attention was directed through his studies 

 during his extensive travels, and from some of these resulted his 

 work, illustrating the palace of the Alhambra at Granada iu Spain. 

 Mr. Jones was born iu Wales about the year 1809; he was articled to 

 Mr. Lewis Valliamy, the architect, himself known for his studies in 

 architectural ornamentation. Subsequently Mr. Jones left England, 

 and waa absent about four years, extending his travels to Turkey 

 and Egypt, with several French artists as companions. In 1834 ho 



