67 



JOSHUA. 



JOSQUIN, DEPREZ. 



658 



Tubingen, 1736 ; and the 'Jewish War,' by J. B. Frise, Altona, 2 vols. 

 8vo, 1804-5. The English translations are that published at Oxford, 

 1676, and London, 1 683 ; by L'Estrange, 1702 ; and by \Vhiston, 1737. 

 This last has been often reprinted, and is the version in common use, 

 but it is so extremely inaccurate as to be almost v. orthless : an in6nitely 

 superior version in all respects is that by the late Dr. Eobert Trail), 

 edited (with numerous valuable notes) by Mr. Isaac Taylor. 



JOSHUA (in the Septuagint Josephus, Acts vii. 45, and Hebr. iv. 8, 

 te is called "IijffoEs), the eon of Nun, who succeeded Moses in the 

 command of the Israelites. Joshua, whose original name was Hoshea 

 (yitfin, Numb. xiii. 8, 16), accompanied his countrymen from Egypt, 

 and distinguished himself by his courage and military talents in a 

 war with the Amalekites (Exod. xvii. 9-13). He was sent, together 

 with several others, to explore the Promised Land, and was the only 

 one of the spies, with the exception of Caleb, who exhorted his 

 countrymen to invade Canaan (Numb. xiv. 6-9, 38). In consequence 

 of this he received especial marks of favour from God, and was 

 nominated by Hoses, on the express order of God, to succeed him in 

 the command of the leraelitish army (Numb, xxvii. 18-23; Deut. iii. 

 28 ; xxxi. 23). Joehua led the Israelites over the Jordan, B.c. 1451 ; 

 and in the course of seven years conquered the greater part of 

 Palestine, and assigned a particular part of the country to each of tlie 

 tribes. He died at the age of 110, and was buried at Timnath- 

 Serath, in Mount Ephraim (Josh. xxiv. 29, 30). We learn from 

 Josej.hus that Joshua commanded the Israelites for twenty-five years 

 ('Antiq.,' v. 1, sec. 29). 



The author of the Book of Joshua and the time in which it was 

 written are equally uncertain. Many critics have supposed that it was 

 written by Joehua himself; but the entire book in its present form 

 could not have teen written by him, for many parts of the book refer 

 to events which happened after the death of Joshua (Josh. iv. 9 ; xv. 

 13-19, compared with Judg. i. 10-15 ; Josh. xvi. 10, with Judg. i. 29 ; 

 Josh, xix. 47, with Judg. xviii. 29). Many critics suppose the book 

 to have been written by Samuel or Eleazar, whose death is recorded 

 in the last verse of the book. Liphtfoot ascribes it to Phinehas, the 

 eon of Eleazar, and De Wette to the time of the Babylonish captivity. 

 But at whatever time it may have been written, the author appears 

 to have compiled the greater part, if not the whole, of the work from 

 very ancient documents, some of which were probably drawn up by 

 Joshua himself. The survey of the conquered country is expressly 

 said to have been " described in a book " (Josh, xviii. 9) ; and Joshua 

 is also said to have written "in the book of the law of God" the 

 renewal of the covenant between God and the people of Israel (Josh. 

 xxiv. 26). The Book of Jasher, which has long since been lost, is 

 quoted in Joshua (x. 13) as a work of authority. In Josh. v. 1, the 

 author appears to quote the exact words of a document written by 

 a person who was present at the events recorded. 



The Book of Joshua is a continuation of the Book of Deuteronomy, 

 and gives an account of Jewish history from the death of Moses to 

 that of Joshua. It may be divided into three parts, of which the 

 first contains the history of the conquest of the southern and northern 

 parts of Palestine (chaps, i.-xi.), and a recapitulation of the conquests 

 both of Moses and Joshua (ch. xii.); the second part gives a 

 description of the whole of Palestine (ch. xiii.), and an account of the 

 land which was allotted to Caleb and each of the tribes (chaps, 

 xiv.-xxii); the third part contains an account of the dying address, 

 death, and burial of Joshua (chaps, xxiii., xxiv.). The canonical 

 authority of this book has never been disputed. In all the manu- 

 scripts of the Old Testament it immediately follows the Pentateuch. 



Many Christian commentators consider Joshua to have been a type 

 of Christ; but this opinion is not supported by any writer of the 

 New Testament. 



The Samaritans have two books which bear the name of Joshua. 

 1. One of these is a chronicle, consisting of forty-seven chapters of 

 Jewish history from a little before the death of Moses to the time of 

 the Roman emperor Alexander Severus. It appears to have, been 

 called the Book of Joshua, because the history of Joshua occupies 

 the greater part of the work (the first thirty-eight or thirty-nine 

 chapters). It ia written in the Arabic language, in Samaritan cha- 

 racters. Copies of this work are extremely scarce. The only copy 

 in Europe, as far as we are aware, is in the University Library at 

 Leyden, to which it was left by Joseph Scaliger. 2. The other Book 

 of Joshua, written by one Abul-Phatah, is also a chronicle of events 

 from the beginning of the world to A.H. 898 (A.D. 1492). There is 

 a copy of this work in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Schnurrer, 

 who possessed another copy, has given an account of the chronicle iu 

 the ninth volume of the ' Kepertorium fur Bibl. und Morgenl. Litt.' 



(The Introductions of Eichhorn, Jahn, De Wette, Augusti, and 

 Home; Koeenmuller, Scholia ; the best critical woi ks on Joshua are 

 by Masius, Joiua Imperatoris Ilutoria illusirata, Antwerp, 1574; 

 Meyer, I'eber die Ealandtheile und die Oekonomie del B. Josua, with 

 a leview of the same book in Bertholdt's 'Journal der Theolog. Litt.,' 

 vol.ii., pp. 337-366; Herwerden, IHspulatio de Libra Josuce, Groning., 

 1826; Maurer, Commenlar. iiber d. B. Joma, <tc.) 



JOSIAH, King of Judab, was the son of Ainon, and succeeded his 

 father in B.C. 639, when only eight years old. After a minority of 

 eight years, during which be was educated, and the affairs of the state 

 were administered, by the high-prieet, he began to purge the land of 



BIOG. D1V. VOL. lit. 



its idolatries, to restore the true worship, and, supported by the friend- 

 ship of the king of Assyria, he even extended his reforms into the 

 kingdom of Israel. In the eighteenth year of his reign he commenced 

 the restoration of the Temple, and during its progress Hilkiah dis- 

 covered the Book of the Law. On hearing the predictions against the 

 Jews he rent his clothes, and sent for Huldah the prophetess, who 

 confirmed the prediction, but added, as Josiah had not consented to 

 these sins, he should not see the calamities. Josiah continued his 

 religious reforms vigorously, and celebrated a solemn passover. Soon 

 afterwards Necho, king of Egypt, who had invaded Assyria, arrived at 

 Carchemish, when Josiah advanced against him, prompted probably 

 by his friendship for the king of Assyria. Necho sent ambassadors to 

 Eim, saying, " I come not against thee, but against the house where- 

 with I have war, for God commanded me to make haste. Forbear 

 thee from meddling with God, who is with me, that he destroy thee 

 not." Josiah however persisted, a battle took place at Megiddo, in 

 which he was slain, after reigning thirty-one years. During his reign 

 lived the prophet Jeremiah, who, it is stated, lamented for Josiah and 

 Zephaniah. Jehoahaz. his son, succeeded Josiah. 



'JpSIKA, M1KLOS, or NICHOLAS, an eminent Hungarian 

 novelist, was born at Torda, in Transylvania, on the 28th of April 

 ] 796, and belongs to one of the first families of the country. He bears 

 the title of Baron, and has often been confounded by German and 

 other writers with another Baron Jijsika, of the name of Samuel, who 

 took a distinguished part in the transactions of the Transylvanian Diet. 

 Nicholas Jo'sika entered the Austrian army in 1811, and served in the 

 campaigns of 1814 and 1815, but retired in 1818, after the peace, with 

 the rank of captain ; married an heiress, and for some time resided on 

 his estates in Transylvania, and at a town-house in Pesth, giving his 

 chief attention to literary pursuits. In 1836 he published a national 

 and historical tale, ' Abafi,' founded on the history of the Transylvanian 

 prince of that name in the 17th century. Its popularity was great 

 and instantaneous. The reviewer in the ' Figyelmezo,' the most 

 influential critical journal, began bis criticism with the words "Uraim ! 

 le a kalapokkal" (" Gentlemen, off with your hats "). In the course 

 of the ensuing twelve years, up to the revolution of 1848, Jusika'a pen 

 was in such constant activity that his romances amounted to about 

 sixty volumes. As in the case of other prolific writers, there was a 

 decided falling-off in his later productions, nor did he ever produce a 

 novel which could compete with the 'Village Notary' of Eotvos 

 [Eoivos], but he continued, and still continues, a favourite with the 

 Hungarian public. His chief romances are ' Abafi,' his first and best ; 

 ' Az utoled Biitori ' (' The last Biitori ') ; 'A' Csehek Magyarorsziigbau ' 

 (' The Bohemians in Hungary ') ; ' Zrinyi a' Kb'lto ' (' Zrinyi the Poet '), 

 founded on the adventures of the poet, who was descended from the 

 famous Zrinyi, the defender of Sigeth; and 'Josika Istvdn ' ('Stephen 

 .Iiiaika '), in which the hero was one of his own ancestors. His attempts 

 as a dramatic poet, which were repeated three or four times, met with 

 little success. As a parliamentary speaker in the upper house of 

 nobles he was also considered to have failed, owing, in some measure, 

 to a shyness which he could never shake off in public. He took how- 

 ever a bold and decided part iu the revolution in support of the 

 measures of Kossutb, was named a member of the committee for the 

 defence of the country, and followed the government to Debreczin and 

 Arad. After the catastrophe at Vilagos he succeeded in making his 

 way over the frontier, but was condemned to death for contumacy, 

 and in September 1851 was hanged in effigy with Kossutb, and thirty- 

 five others at Pesth. Since 1850 he has lived at Brussels, where his 

 death in law has not prevented him from being the acknowledged 

 foreign correspondent of ' A" Magyar Hirlap," an Hungarian newspaper. 

 In 1851 a romance from his pen appeared at Brunswick, entitled 'Egy 

 Magyar Csalad a' Forradalpm alatt'('A Magyar Family during tlie 

 Revolution '). None of his works have yet appeared in English, 

 though many have been translated into other languages, and the 

 whole into German, partly by Klein and partly by his second wife, 

 Julia Josika, born Baroness Podmaniczky, one of the most gifted 

 ladies in Hungary, whom he married in 1847. J6sika is himself the 

 translator into Hungarian of the English novel by the author of 

 ' Trevelyan,' ' A Marriage in High Life,' which is a favourite ill several 

 foreign languages. 



JOSQU1N, DEPREZ the name which it appears to us, after having 

 collated various authorities, is the true one of this celebrated composer 

 of the most ancient school of part-music was, there seems little reason 

 to doubt, a native of the Low Countries, though the honour of his 

 birth is indirectly claimed by many Italian writers, and was boru 

 about the middle of the 15th century. Josquin was a disciple of 

 Johann Ockenheim, " the oldest composer in parts on the Continent," 

 says Dr. Burney, "of whose works I have been able to find any 

 remains," and much of whose reputation arises from his having been 

 the instructor of one who became so eminent. It is probable that 

 Josquin went into Italy when young, and there impioved himself iu 

 the knowledge of his art ; and this may have led to his having been 

 thought a native of that country, a supposition to which the frequent 

 addition to his name of Pratensis, or Del 1'rato (a town in Tuscany), 

 may be attributed. It is certain that he was a singer in the pontifical 

 chapel in the time of Sixtus IV. (1471 to 1484), for Adami speaks of 

 him in that capacity in high terms, as well as of his compositions, 

 calling him " uomo ineigne per 1'iuvenzioue." Quitting Italy, he was, 



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