JOTIIAM. 



JOUVENET, JEAN. 



according to Olareanus, appointed Maltre da Chapelle to Louis XII., 

 for whom be composed much muio (concerning which some amusing 

 torm an told), and motet or two to contrived that the monarch 

 was enabled to take a part in the performance. Louis had made him 

 pronto of a b*oe6oo. but neglected to redeem it. To remind th 

 king, the oompoear wrote a motet beginning ' Hemor aeto verbi tui,' 

 Ac. ThU not producing the intended remit, Joaquin wrote another, 

 upon the words, ' I'ortio mea non eat in terrA viventium.' Louis then 

 took the Lint, be*towed a benefioe, and the composer expressed hit 

 gratitude in a third motet, oommencing, ' Bonitatem fecisti cum servo 

 tuo, Douiine.' But Qlareanui remark* that deeire proved more 

 in-piiing than gratitude, for the two first works very much surpassed 

 the last. 



The time of Josquin's dcocaie is not known : he was burled iu the 

 church of St. Gudule, at Brunei*. He was a very voluminous com- 

 poser, and many of his works remain to attest his learning and genius. 

 Hawkins gives a good specimen of them ; Burney more than one 

 example ; and several are to be found in the British Museum. " He 

 may," says Dr. Burney, "bo justly called the father of modern har- 

 mony, and the inventor of almost every ingenious contexture of its 

 constituent parts." 



JOTHAM, King of Judah, succeeded his father Uzziah, or Azariab, 

 in B.C. 757. lie followed the righteous example of his father, though 

 the, high places were not altogether removed, and his reign of sixteen 

 yean appears to have been a comparatively peaceful one. No events 

 are recorded in tho Scriptures ; but it is stated that " in those days 

 the Lord began to send against Judah, Hezin, the king of Syria, and 

 IVkah, the son of Kemaliah, king of Israel;" but these troubles 

 appear to have fallen upon Jothnm's eon, Ahaz, who succeeded him in 

 ac. 741. The prophets Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah lived during the 

 reign of Jotham. 



JOURDAN, JEAN-BAPTISTE, Marshal of the French empire, 

 was born at Limoges, on tho 2nd of April 1762. His father, a poor 

 country surgeon, being able to afford him but a .limited education, 

 Jourdan took service in the French army sent to aid the Americans in 

 the War of Independence, with which he continued to serve from 

 1778 to 1782. In that year he returned to France 'with shattered 

 health ; and, intending to renounce the career of a soldier, he in 

 1784 married a young milliner rather older than himself, and opened 

 a haberdasher's shop in bis native town. But at the outbreak of the 

 revolution he entered the army again as a volunteer, in December 

 1791 was raised by his comrades to the rank of major shortly after 

 was promoted to a brigade on the 27th of May 1793 and on the 21st 

 of July following became a general of division. After the battle of 

 Hondschoote, Houchard having been recalled to Paris, Jourdan was 

 made couimander-in-chief in his place. Ho was then ordered to 

 attack the Austrian forces before Maubeuge, and raise the blockade 

 of that place. In this he was assisted by Carnot, who, during the 

 three days that the contett lasted, vied with Jourdan iu charging the 

 imperialists. During this action the adjacent village of Wattiguies 

 was token and retaken three times by the French and allied forces ; 

 but at length it remained in the bonds of the French : the allied retired 

 behind the Sambre, and the blockade of Maubeuge was raised a 

 result most important to the French republic. After the battle of 

 Wuttignies, Carnot and Duquesnoy, the representatives, so extolled 

 the talents of Jourdan iu their despatches to the Convention, that 

 public opinion placed him iu the first line of republican generals, a 

 prestige which lasted many yean. Nevertheless, having been sum- 

 moned to Paris by the Committee of Public Safety, to give his advice 

 on the future operations of the French armies, he embarrassed tho 

 government by the frankness of his opinions; and Barere, having 

 praised his honesty and patriotism, but regretted his want of energy, 

 i'ichegru was appointed to succeed him. 



Jourdan returned to his trade at Limoges, but was soon after sum- 

 moned to the army of La Moselle, to replace General Hoche, whom 

 Saint Just had sent to prison to await hia trial. Then for a few 

 months followed that series of successes which forms the basis of 

 Jourdan's reputation as a commander. In May 1701 he defeated the 

 Austrian general Beaulieu, at Arlon ; he crossed the Meuse at Uiuunt, 

 on the 3rd of June, captured Charlcroi ou the 25th, and on the 29th 

 won the battle of Fleurus the most important victory obtained by 

 the republic before the campaigns of Napoleon. On the 18th of 

 September he defeated Cloirfait at the combat of Ayvaile ; and on 

 the 2nd of October he obtained another victory over the Austrians at 

 Juliers, or Jlilich, ou the Roer. In these achievements he was sup- 

 ported by a number of generals, some of whom have since exceeded him 

 in reputation ; for Moreau, ISernadotte, Kleber, Moreau, Ney, and Soult, 

 then fought under hi* command. Within a week after the victory of 

 Juliers, the whole of Joui dan's army of tho Sambre-et-Meuse was 

 encamped ou the left bunk of the Uhinc, from Cublentz to Cloves. 

 Landrecies, Lequesndy, Comic 1 , and Valenciennes had been recovered; 

 besides which, Charlcroi, JNuuiur, Julicra. and Maegtricht had yielded 

 to the French arm*. The flue provinces watered by the Hhino had 

 increased the territories of the republic, and remained under t] 

 government of France for upwards of twenty years. In 1795 Jourdan 

 made himself master of tho fortress of Luxembourg, crossed the llhiue 

 on tho 6ih of September iu presence of 20,000 Austrian*, and compelled 

 the garrison of Diiseeldorf to capitulate. 



In 1706 he once more crossed the Rhine, obliged tho Austrian 

 general Wartenaleben to retreat, captured Frankfurt and Wunburg, 

 and advanced towards Ilatinbon ; but here was the turning-point in 

 his fortune. The Archduke Charles, adopting the tactics of Napoleon, 

 prepared to attack the separate French armies with his united forces ; 

 and, encountering Jourdan at Amberg, drove him off tho field with 

 (treat loss. On the 3rd of September the archduke engaged him .it 

 Wurzburg, and routed his army, after which Jourdan was completely 

 disabled. Early in 1797 he resigned his command, and returned to 

 Paris, where he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred, 

 of which he became president on the 23rd of September. Being 

 appointed to command the army of the Danube in 1708, he was 

 defeated by the Archduke Charles at the battle of Ostrach, on tho 

 20th of March 1799; and a few days after at Stockach, with so great a 

 loss as obliged him to make a precipitate retreat through the passes! of 

 the Black Forest Ou the 10th of April his command was transferred 

 to Maisena, He wa re-electo 1 a member of the Five Hundred, from 

 which he was dismissed after the 18th Brumaire for refusing to join 

 the conspiracy of Bonaparte. 



For the next twelve yours Marshal Joordan was employed ia no 

 important operation ; but he received his baton on the 19th of May 

 1804, at the first creation of the marshals of the empire. At the 

 battle of Vittoria, June 21t, 1818, he rather accompanied than com- 

 manded the army of Joseph, king of Spain, which was defeated by 

 Wellington. On the 3rd of April 1814 he gave in his adhesion to the 

 provisional government : and in IS 15 presided over the court-martial 

 which was to have tried Mar-hsl Key, but which declared itself 

 incompetent In 1818 Louis XVIII. called him to the Chamber of 

 Peers. He died on the 24th of November 1833, and was buried with 

 great pomp in the Hotel des Invalidos. 



JOUVENCY, PIERRE, was born at Paris in 1043. He studied at 

 Caen, and afterwards at La Floche, with considerable success, and was 

 at an early ago admitted a member of the Society of tho Jesuit*. M. 

 devoted himself chiefly to history, and is tho author of the fifth part 

 of the 'History of the Jesuits,' from 1591 to 1610, which was pub- 

 lished at Rome in 1710. Though on agreeable writer, from the purity 

 and elegance of his style, his facts are not to be implicitly relied on. 

 So bigotedly was he attached to his order, that he has written an 

 apology of the Jesuit Quignard, who was executed iu the reign of 

 Henri IV. of France, on account of his participation in the attempt 

 made against the life of that monarch by Jean Chatcl, who hod been 

 incited to commit tho crime by the seditious writings of Ouignard. 

 An abridgement of his history was published at Liege in 1716, which 

 is now rarely to be met with. The other works of Jouvency are 

 1, A Collection of Latin Harangues, pronounced by him on different 

 occasions (his Latinity, though it has been blamed by Vallart, is 

 generally admired); 2, a treatise, ' De Afte Docendi et Discern!!,' 

 which ia in some esteem, but considered too superficial; 4, 'Appendix, 

 de Diis et Heroibus Poeticis,' a useful abridgment of mythology ; 5, a 

 Collection of Notes on Horace, Persius, Juvenal, Martial, and the 

 ' Metamorphoses ' of Ovid, which is considered his most valuable pro- 

 duction. He died at Rome in 1719, while engaged in the continuation 

 of the ' History of the Jesuits.' 



JOUVENET, JEAN, a celebrated French painter during the reign 

 of Louis XIV., was born at Rouen in 1844. He was first instructed 

 by his father Laurent Jouvenet, but completed his studies in Paris, 

 where he soon attracted the notice of Lebrun, who in 1675 procured 

 him his election into the Academy of Painting for a picture of ' Esther 

 before Ahasuerus,' which is one of the best paintings of the Academy 

 collection. Jouvenet had obtained considerable distinction two years 

 previously by his picture of the ' Lame Man healed,' which was the 

 so-called May Picture (Le Tableau du Mai) of 1673. The May Picture 

 is a painting which was formerly presented on the 1st of May of every 

 year to the Virgin, iu the cathedral of Notre Dame, by the Goldsmith* 

 of Paris : the practice ceased in 1708. Jouveuet became successively 

 professor, director, and perpetual rector of the Acadmny, and he was 

 granted a small pension by Louis XIV. Jouvcnct's lost work, the 

 Visitation of tho Virgin,' or ' Le Magnificat, 1 iu tho cathedral of 

 Notre Dame, was painted with his left hand in 1717. He had a 

 paralytic stroke iu 1713 and lost the use of his right hand, but upon 

 tha first trial he found his left aa obedient to his will as his right had 

 been ; one of the many proofs that, iu art, it is the mind rather tlmu 

 the hand that requires the education. He died in 1717. 



The French boost of Jouvenet, as of Le Sueur, because he never 

 visited Italy ; and it is for the some reason, according to some, that hu 

 is censured by Count Algarotti, who, they say, had no faith in an 

 excellence that could be acquired out of Italy. Tho works of 

 Jouvenet nro not brilliant in any respect or even attractive, yet they 

 possess all the greater merits of a picture iu more than an ordinary 

 degree. His stylo resembles that of Nicolas Pousain, especially in com- 

 position and colour ; and he excelled in light and shade, but in expression 

 he was never great. 



There are ten of Jouvenet's pictures in tho Louvre, some of which 

 are his best works, as the ' Miraculous Draught of Fishes,' the 'Resur- 

 rection of Lazarus,' the ' Sellers driven from the Temple,' ' Christ iu 

 the House of Simon the Pharisee,' and tho ' Descent from the Cross.' 

 The limt four have been worked iu tapes-try of the Uobelius, and they 

 have all been engraved, as have also nearly all Jouvenet's best works, 



