661 



JODT, VICTOR-JOSEPH-ETIENNE, DE. 



JUAN I. 



602 



by some of the best French engravers byH.S. Thomassin, J. Audran, 

 E. Kcard, L. Desplaces, A. Loir, 'A. Trouvain, and others. There 

 are works by Jouvenet in many of the churches of Paris, mural and 

 easel pictures. Of his mural paintings the principal are the colossal 

 frescoes of the Apostles painted on the dome of the church Des 

 Invalides. 



JOUY, VICTOR-JOSEPH-ETIENNE, DE, was born in the hamlet 

 of Jouy, near Versailles, in the 1769. When only thirteen he accom- 

 panied the governor of French Guyana as sous-lieutenant to that 

 colony, but remained there scarcely a year. He returned to Versailles, 

 continued his education for two years, and then left France a second 

 time for the French East Indian possessions as an officer iu the 

 Luxembourg regiment. In 1790 he was again in France, joined the 

 revolutionary party, and rapidly attained military promotion ; but 

 during the Reign of Terror became suspected, and fled to Switzerland. 

 On liobespierre's fall in July 1791 he returned to Park, was placed on 

 the staff of the army of Paris under General Menou, and contributed 

 to the triumph of the Convention in the streets of that city on the 

 21st of May (2nd Prairial) 1795. Very shortly afterwards he was 

 arrested ; then released, and sent as commander to Lille ; then again 

 arrested on an accusation of being in communication with Lord 

 Malmesbury the English minister, but acquitted and restored to his 

 functions. Diagustei however with these repeated persecutions he 

 resolved to abandon hU military career; he therefore solicited his 

 discharge, which he obtained together with a pension for his good 

 services and wounds. He was now thirty years old, and after a few- 

 months' service in a civil capacity at Brussels, he took up bis abode 

 at Paris and devoted himself to literature. His first efforts were 

 some vaudevilles, written in conjunction with Messrs. Delonchamp and 

 I Jieulafoy ; but his first great success was the opera of ' La Vestale,' 

 the music by Spontini, which gained him admission to the Academy 

 in 1815. This was followed by several other operas, among which 

 were 'Les Amazones,' with music by Mehul, and 'Les Abeucerrages,' 

 with music by Cherubini, which still retain possession of the stage. 

 He also wrote comedies, both in prose and verse, with considerable 

 success ; and several tragedies, of which ' Sylla ' obtained a marked 

 success. The work however on which his reputation mainly rests is 

 ' L'Hermite de la Chaussee d'Antin,' a series of essays on men and 

 manners in France, which first appeared in the ' Gazette de France,' 

 in 1813-14, and were afterwards collected and published in five 

 volumes, 12mo, 1815. They were considered in France as the suc- 

 cessful rivals of the English ' Spectators,' ' Guardians,' and ' Ramblors.' 

 They no doubt have considerable merit, the style is easy, the obser- 

 vation acute, the description animated, and the characters often 

 drawn with much quiet humour. They may exhibit some resem- 

 blance to the essays of Addison or Steek', but none whatever to those 

 of Johnson. They display with sufficient accuracy the surface of 

 society, but they have little depth. Some attempts are made at the 

 pathetic, but they are rather maudlin. They were however very 

 successful in France, and the author followed up his success by the 

 ' France Parleur," ' L'Hermite de la Guyane,' ' L'Heruu'te en Province,' 

 the last a collection by several writers, but all infinitely inferior to 

 the first. 'L'Hermites en Prison,' however, aud ' L'Hermites en 

 Libertey written in 1823 and 1S24, in conjunction with M. Jay, were 

 of a better kind, and were received with much applause by the liberal 

 party in France. M. Jouy has also written on political economy, and 

 likewise two novels, 'Cecil,' and ' Le Centenaire,' in 1827 and 1833. 

 Ha edited for some time the ' Journal dea Arts,' and he contributed 

 innumerable articles to various newspapers and journals. He died 

 at Paris in October 1846. 



JOVKLLA'NOS, GASPER MELCHIOR DE, was born at Gijon iu 

 the Asturiaa, in 1749. Although of noble lineage, being nephew to the 

 Duke of Losada, he possessed but a moderate patrimony ; accordingly, 

 aa soon as he had completed his studies at the universities of Oviedo, 

 A vila, and Alcala, he accepted the appointment of magistrate at Seville. 

 In 1778 he was made chief judge of the King's Court at Madrid, in which 

 city he became acquainted with Cabarrus, Campornanes, and other emi- 

 nent literary characters. Through the machinations of court intrigue, 

 lie was afterwards removed, but was recalled, and raised to the more 

 important office of minister of grace, or home secretary of state ; to 

 retain it however only for a few months, when the influence of Godoy 

 expelled him. He now returned to Gijon, where his cares were directed 

 towards the 'Institute Asturiano,' which he had succeeded in establish- 

 ing in 1794, and for which he had set apart a considerable portion of 

 his official emoluments. But he was not allowed to pursue his plans 

 for public instruction long, since in about two years and a half after- 

 wards he was arrested, and seat as prisoner to Majorca, where he wa.j 

 confined in the castle of Bellver. Even during this period, which 

 continued upwards of seven years, ho prosecuted his studies as dili- 

 gently aa circumstances would permit, and commenced a ' Flora 

 JA llverica,' and collected materials for a history of the island. At 

 length, after the downfal ot Godpy, he was permitted to return by 

 Ferdinand VII., and on that sovereign's abdication, was chosen member 

 of the central junto. When that body was dissolved, Jovellanos 

 returned to Gijon, to be shortly after driven from his home when the 

 French invaded Asturiaa, in 1812, and he died within two mouths 

 afterwards. 



As a writer on subjects of political economy and legislation, Jovel- 



lanos stands foremost among his countrymen ; but besides his 

 productions of that class, he wrote his celebrated ' Pan y Toros,' the 

 tragedy of ' Pelayo,' the comedy of ' El Delincuente Honrado,' a trans- 

 lation of the first book of ' Paradise Lost,' besides several poetical 

 pieces ; an eUoge on Ventura Rodriguez, the eminent architect ; a 

 dissertation on English architecture, &c. A biographical memoir of 

 Jovellanos was published by his friend Cean Bermudes, under the title 

 of ' Memorias para la Vida del Esc. Sen. Don G. Jovellanos, y Noticias 

 analiticas de BUS Obras.' 



JOVIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS CLAU'DIUS, born A.D. 331, was the sou 

 of Veroaianus, of an illustrious family of Mcesia, who had filled im- 

 portant offices under Coustautius. Jovianus served in the army of 

 Julian in his unlucky expedition against the Persians, and when that 

 emperor was killed, in 363, the soldiers proclaimed him his successor. 

 His first task was to save the army, which was surrounded by the 

 Persians, and in great distress for provisions. After repelling repeated 

 attacks of the enemy, he willingly listened to proposals for peace, 

 which were that the Romans should give up the conquests of former 

 emperors westward of the Tigris, and as far as the city of Nisibis, 

 which was still in their hands, but was included in the territory to be 

 surrendered up to Persia, and that moreover they should give no 

 assistance to the king of Armenia, then at war with the Persians. 

 These conditions, however offensive to Roman pride, Jovianus was 

 obliged to submit to, as his soldiers were in the utmost destitution. 

 It is a remarkable instance of the Roman notions of political houesty, 

 that Eutropius reproaches Jovianus not so much with having given up 

 the territory of the empire, as with having observed so humiliating a 

 treaty after he had come out of his dangerous position, instead of 

 renewing the war, as the Romans had constantly done on former 

 occasions. Jovianus delivered Nisibis to the Persians, the inhabit- 

 ants withdrawing to Amida, which became the chief Roman town in 



Coin of Jovianus. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Gold. 



Mesopotamia. On his arrival at Antioch, Jovianus, who was of the 

 Christian faith, revoked the edicts of Julian against the Christians. 

 He also supported the orthodox or Nicene creed against the Ariaus, 

 and he showed his favour to the bishops who had formerly suffered 

 from the Arians, and especially to Athauasius, who visited him at 

 Antioch. Having been acknowledged all over the empire, Joviauus, 

 after staying some months at Antioch, sat off during the winter to 

 Constantinople, and, on his way, paid funeral honours to Julian's 

 remains at Tarsus. He continued his journey in very severe col 1, of 

 which several of his attendants died. At Aucyra he assumed the 

 consular dignity, but a few days after, being at a place called Da'las- 

 tana in Galatia, he was found dead in his bed, as some say being 

 suffocated by the vapour of the charcoal burniug in his room, accord- 

 ing to others by the steam of the plaster with which it had been newly 

 laid, whilst others again suspected Mm to have been poisoned or killed 

 by some of his guards. He died on the 16th of February 364, being 

 thirty-three years of age, after a reign of ouly seven mouths. The 

 army proclaimed Valentinianus as his successor. 



JOVI'NUS, born of an illustrious family of Gaul, assumed the 

 imperial title under the weak reign of Honorius, aud placing himself 

 at the head of a mixed army of Burgundians, Alemauni, Alaui, &c., 

 took possession of part of Gaul, A.D. 411. Ataulphus, king of the 

 Visigoths, offered to join Jovinus and share Gaul between them, but 

 Joviuus having declined his alliance, Ataulphus made peace with 

 Honorius, attacked and defeated Jovinus, and having taken him 

 prisoner at Valence, delivered him to Dardanus, prefect of Gaul, who 

 had him put to death at Narbo (Narbonne) in 412. 



Coin of Jovinus. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Gold. 



JOVIUS, PAUL. [Giovio.] 



JUAN I., King of Castilla aud Leon, was born August 20th, 1358, at 

 Epila, in Aragon. He was the son of Henrique II., aud succeeded hia 

 father May 30tb, 1379. On the deatli of Fernando I., king of Portugal, 

 he laid claim to the throne of that kingdom iu right of his wife Beatriz, 

 daughter of Fernando. The Portuguese however had chosen for their 

 king a natural sou of Pedro I., who became Joam I. of Portugal. 

 Juan I., in support of his claim, invaded Portugal with a large army ; 



