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JUAN II. 



JUDSON, ADONIRAM. 



8)1 



bat wu defeated with great loo, August 14th, 1335, at Aljubarota, a 

 rillv? io Portuguese Estrema-lura. This victory secured tha crown 

 of I'ortugal to Jotn L Juan I. died October 9th, 1 390, in consequence 

 of hiring been thrown from his hone in a tournament. 



JUAN II., King of Castilla and Loon, was born March 6th, 1405. 

 He WM the son of Henrique HI. He ucceeded to tho throne of 

 Castilla on the death of his lather, December 26th, 1406 ; and was 

 crowned at Segovia, January 15th, 1407. His mother Catharine, 

 daughter of the Duke of Lancaster, and his uncle Fernando, king of 

 Amgon, became his guardians, and regent) of the kingdom of Castilla 

 during his minority. His unole died in 1416 and his mother in 1418. 

 In 1420 he married his cousin Maria, daughter of his unole Fernando 

 of Aragon, which afforded an opportunity to her two brothers, Don 

 Juan and Don Henrique, to interfere in the affairs of the young king 

 of 'Caitilla, and led to several conspiracies. Juan II. was of weak 

 character, but his favourite minuter, Don Alvar de Luna, managed 

 the business of his kingdom with success, till, on some accusation 

 brought against him, he wag beheaded in 1453 at Valladolid. Juan II. 

 died July 21st 1454, and was succeeded by his son, Henrique IV. 



JUAN I., II., Kings of Aragon and Nararra. [ARA.UON, in 

 OEOO. Drv.] 



JUBA I., son of Hiempsal, king of Numidia, succeeded his father 

 about the year D.C. 50. Ho wa< a warm supporter of the senatorial 

 party and Pompey, moved, it is said, by a gross insult which in his 

 youth he bad received from Ciesar. He gained, B.C. 49, a great victory 

 over Curio, Cesar's lieutenant in Africa. After the battle of Pharsalia, 

 and the death of Pompey, he continued steady to his cause ; and when 

 Caesar invaded Africa, B.C. 40, he supported Scipio and Cato with all 

 his power, and in the first instance reduced the dictator to much 

 difficulty. The battle of Thapsus turned the scale however in Cesar's 

 favour. Juba fled; and finding that his subjects refused to receive 

 him, put an end to his life in despair. His connection with Cato has 

 suggested the underplot of Addison'a tragedy. 



Coin of Juba I. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Silver. 



JUBA II., the son of Juba I., was carried to Rome by Ctesar, kindly 

 treated, and 'well and learnedly educated. He gained the friendship 

 and fought in the cause of Augustus, who gave him the kingdom ol 

 Mauritania, his paternal kingdom of Numidia having been erected into 

 a Roman province. Ho cultivated diligently the arts of peace, was 

 beloved by his subjects, and hod a high reputation for learning. He 

 wrote in Greek of Arabia, with observations on its natural history; 

 of Assyria ; of Rome ; of painting and painters ; of theatres ; of the 

 qualities of animals ; on the source of the Nile, &c. Juba married 

 Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. 

 Their medal, which is here given, has IV1JA REX on one side, and 

 KAEOFIATPA BACIAICCA on the other. Strabo in his 6th book speaks 

 of Juba as living, and in his 17th and last book as then just dead 

 This would probably fix his death about A. D. 17. (Clinton, Patti ; 

 Dion Caes. ; Cassar, Bdl. Civ. ; Pliny, Ilitt. Nat., lib. v. 1, &c. ; eeo the 

 Alibi- Seviu, Sur la Vie et Its Ouvragei de Juba, in Acad. del Inicript. 

 voL iv., p. 457.) 



Coin of Juba II. 

 British Museum. Actual Size. Silver. 



JUDAS MACCABEUS succeeded his father Mattathias (ac. 166 

 as the leader of the Jews in their patriotic attempts to throw off th< 

 yoke of the Syrian kings (1 Mace. iii. 1.) He greatly distinguishes 

 himself in the war by his military talents, his personal courage, anr 

 his implacable hostility to the Syrian princes. Immediately after his 

 father's death he defeated two Syrian armies, and in the followiu 

 year conquered Lysias and Qorgias, who had been sent against him 

 with much larger forces. He afterwards took possession of Jerusalem 

 purified the Temple from all idolatrous pollutions, and restored th 

 national worship. He strengthened his power by subduing th 

 Idum&eans and Ammonites and other nations bordering upon Palestine. 

 The unexpected success of Judas greatly exasperated Autiochug, wh 

 swore that he would destroy the whole Jewish nation, but he diec 

 before he could make preparations for the cunqucat of the country 

 II" wi-.s succeeded by Antiochns Eupator, who marched against Jeru 

 salem, but was obliged to raise the siege and return to Upper Asia ' 



consequence of a revolt of a powerful noble. Before he left Palestine 

 ho entered into an alliance with Judas. This treaty however was soon 

 broken by the Syrian king; fresh armies were sent against Judas, 

 which were all defeated by this intrepid warrior. Anxious to render 

 .!u Ian independent, and feeling the difficulty of continuing the contest 

 a -ainst the whole power of the Syrian empire, ho sent ambassadors to 

 Rome to solicit an alliance with the Roman people (1 Mace. i. 8 ; 

 Justin, xxxvi. 3). This was readily granted by the Romans, but before 

 Judas could receive any assistance from his new allies, Palestine was 

 a^ain invaded by a Syrian army of 22,000 men under the command of 

 Bacchides. Judas had only 3000 men with him, and his number 

 afterwards diminished to 800 ; but with these he ventured to attack 

 the Syrians, and after an obstinate struggle was at length defeated, 

 and perished in the contest (B.C. 160). 



JUDE, SAIN P. The Epistle of St. Jude, a book of the New Testa- 

 ment, was probably written by tho Apostle Jude, who was surnamed 

 Lebbicus and Thaddrous (Matt. z. 3 ; Mark iii. 18 ; John xix. 22). 1 le 

 s also called the brother of James (Luke vi. 16 ; Acts L 13), and the 

 rother of Christ (Matt. xiiL 55). This James was probably " James 

 be Less," tho son of Alphicus and Mary (Matt x. 3; xxvtL 56 ; 

 lark xv. 40), who was also the brother of Christ. The meaning of 

 lie ' brother of Christ' has been already discussed under JAMES. It 

 a? however been maintained that this epistle could not have been 

 written by the Apostle Jude, since he does not describe himself as an 

 postle, but, on the contrary, refers to the authority of the apostles as 

 uperior to his own (. 1"). (De YVette's ' Lehrbuch,' sec. 1MJ.) 

 The object of this epistle is to guard believers against the false 

 ach'-r.-i who had crept into the church, and to exhort them to perse- 

 vere in their Christian profession. There is a great similarity between 

 his epistle and the second epistle of St. Peter. Hug, in his ' Intro- 

 luction to the New Testament,' argues, that since " the language of 

 Jude is simple, unpremeditated, and expressive, without ornament; 

 while that of Peter is artificial, and has the appearance of embellish- 

 ment and amplification," the Epistle of Jude was written first, and 

 was used by St. Peter in the composition of his second epistle. The 

 Spistle of Jude appears to hare been written shortly before the 

 destruction of Jerusalem. 



The canonical authority of this epistle has been rejected by many, 

 >ecause the apocryphal books of Enoch and the Ascension of Moses 

 are supposed to be quoted in it (v. 14, 9). It is not contained in tho 

 Peshito,' and is classed by Eusebius among the ' Antilegomena 

 4 Hist. Ecc.,' ii. 23 ; iii. 25). Origen also expresses doubts respecting 

 t (' Comment, in Matt.,' iii. 8 1 4) ; but the greater number of the Fathers 

 refer to it as a work of divine authority. 



JUDSON, ADONIRAM, founder of the American Baptist Mission 

 u Birina, was born August 9, 1788, at Maiden, Massachusetts, where 

 :iis father was a Cougregationalist minister. Having passed through 

 the classes of Brown University, where he took honours, he entered 

 the Andover Theological Seminary ; and whilst there, a sermon by 

 Dr. Claudius Buchanan, which he chanced to meet with, turned his 

 thoughts towards the missionary service in India. Some fellow- 

 students, to whom he communicated his views, became similiarly 

 impressed, and they eventually formally stated to the college authori- 

 ties their desire to devote themselves to the missionary office. There 

 was then no missionary society in America, but the council referred 

 the matter to a general committee, who resolved that it was advisable 

 to institute a " Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions." 

 Whilst this board was in process of organisation, young Judauu pro- 

 ceeded, in 1811, to England, to consult with the directors of the London 

 Missionary Society. On hia way the vessel in which he had embarked 

 was captured by a French privateer and carried into Bayouue, but 

 Judsou was released, after a short detention, at the intercession of 

 some of his countrymen. In London he received only qualified pro- 

 mises of aid, but the American board, though as yet without funds, 

 resolved to found a mission in Biruia, to which they appointed Judson 

 and three other young students as missionaries. 



Having on the 5th of February 1812 married Miss A. Hosseltine, he, 

 twelve days after, embarked with his young wife for India. Four 

 months later they landed at Calcutta, where they met with a warm 

 welcome from Dr. Carey and the Scrampore missionaries, but the Bengal 

 government peremptorily ordered Judsou and his companions to return 

 to America by the same ship in which they hod arrived. Judsou how- 

 ever was not disposed to give up his purpose so easily. He accordingly 

 took a passage to the Isle of France, proceeded thence to Madras, and 

 from there to Rangoon, in Biruia, where he arrived July 14, 1813. 



Before leaving Calcutta, Mr. Judson, whose views on tho subject of 

 baptism had undergone a change, was, with his wife, re- baptised by 

 immersion by Dr. Carey. He in consequence resigned his connection 

 with the Board of Missions ; and when he landed at Rangoon to com- 

 mence his missionary work he was unconnected with any society, and 

 without any means of future support. He addressed himself how- 

 ever without delay to the task of acquiring the Birmese language, 

 unaided by dictionary or grammar, whilst tho native he engaged as a 

 teacher know not a word of English. By persevering labour, he in 

 some two or three years was able to speak the language with some 

 degree of readiness. The Baptists of America, on hearing of his 

 devotion, had promptly formed a missionary society to support him, 

 and sent him out some assistants, one of whom was a printer. The 



