685 



JtJGTJRTHA. 



FLAVIUS CLA.UDIU3. 



638 



Serampore missionaries pi-esented a printing-press and a fount of 

 Birmese type. Mr. Judson, now not only engaged in preaching and 

 personally instructing the natives, but desirous to benefit those whom 

 his voice could not reach, drew up in Birmese a ' Summary of Christian 

 Doctrine,' which was the first work issued from the Rangoon presa ; 

 and portions of scripture and several tracts followed. As soon as the 

 mission was fairly at work Mr. Judson made visits to other Birmese 

 towns, and to Ava, where he had an interview with the king ; and, 

 having obtained permission, set about establishing schools, in which 

 Mrs. Judson, who had also mastered the language, was a very earnest 

 and successful helper. The mission was going on favourably, when 

 the sovereign of Birma provoked the English to declare war. Rangoon 

 was made a point of attack by the British forces; but before they 

 arrived, Mr. Judson, with the other missionaries, was seized and put 

 into prison. There he remained for several months, subjected the 

 greater part of the time to the most cruel treatment ; but at length, 

 when the success of the English was beyond question, he was employed 

 to act as translator for the Birmese, and Mrs. Judson was sent to the 

 British camp to mediate. A treaty of peace being signed, Mr. Judson 

 and his companions were permitted to resume their labours. He 

 returned to Rangoon ; and there, worn out with toil and anxiety, the 

 companion of his early dangers and the sharer of his labours died, 

 October 1826, during his absence in Ava. Some eight years later he 

 married a second wife, the widow of a fellow-missionary named 

 Boardman. 



From an early period Mr. Judson had regarded the translation of 

 the Scriptures into Birmese as the great work of his life ; and, after 

 having been for several years engaged upon it, he at length, January 

 31st, 1834, had the happiness to complete his task. He lost no time 

 in putting it to press, and by the end of 1335 the printing was finished 

 of the first edition, in 3 vols. large Svo. But he soon became con- 

 vinced of its many imperfections, and he at once set about thoroughly 

 revising the whole, with such assistance as he could obtain. This 

 revision was completed in the autumn of 1840, and immediately 

 printed in a thick 4to volume. It has since undergone careful 

 correction by various Oriental scholars, and now holds a high place 

 among the translations of the Scriptures into the eastern tongues. 

 Almost as soon as the printing of this revised edition of the Bible was 

 finished, with characteristic energy Judson commenced at Moulmcin, 

 whither he had removed, the preparation of a Birmese Dictionary. 

 But his own ill-health interrupted the work, and the health of his wife 

 failing also, he determined to return to America, in the hope that 

 their native air might restore their vigour. Mrs. Judson died off St. 

 Helena (September 1st, 1845), but he arrived in safety at Boston a 

 mouth afterwards. His reception by the various religious societies in 

 America was of the most enthusiastic kind. Special services were 

 everywhere got up, and enormous crowds of persons assembled to 

 greet him. His stay however was but brief : he had determined to 

 return, and, if possible, end his days in Birma. But he did not 

 return alone. Anxious to find some one qualified to write a memoir 

 of bis second wife (a memoir of the first had already been written), 

 ho was introduced to an accomplished young lady, Miss Chubbuck, 

 whose writings under the pseudonym of Fanny Forester had had an 

 unusually large amount of popularity in religious circles ; and she not 

 only undertook to write the life of the second Mrs. Judson, but soon 

 consented to become the third. They were married in June 1846 ; in 

 July they embarked at Boston, and in December they landed at Moul- 

 mein. The mission was now in a nourishing state, and Jud.on felt 

 that ho might devote himself to the easier task of supervision, and to 

 the completion of his Dictionary. Of this he was permitted to see 

 the first part printed in 1849, but ho did not live to complete it. His 

 health failed, and he was directed to proceed to tho Isle of Bourbon 

 to recruit He embarked, but grew rapidly worse, and died at sea on 

 the 12th of April 1850. His 'Burmese and English Dictionary 1 was 

 completed from his papers by Mr. E. A. Stevens, and printed at Moid 

 mein in 1852. It is regarded as a work of great value, and is in fact 

 the only Dictionary that has been compiled of the Birmese language. 

 With his Birmese Bible it formed a vast work for one individual to 

 accomplish, hi the midst of labours BO many and so exhausting as 

 those of the founder and director of an Indian mission. As a 

 Christian missionary, Mr. Judson is regarded with the greatest respect 

 by all sects among his countrymen, and also in England, though of 

 course with especial reverence by the Baptists. 



Several Lives of Mr. Judson have been published, of which the 

 chief are those by Clements, Gillette, and Wayland. Memoirs of each 

 of his wives have also been published: one, 'Lives of the three Mrs. 

 Judsons,' having passed through several editions. Each of these 

 ladies was an authoress. Besides various papers for the Birmese 

 converts, the first Mrs. Judson wrote a 'History of tho Burman 

 Mission ; ' the second wrote poetry ; and the third, besides her 

 1 Memoirs of Mrs. Boardman Judson,' wrote, as Fanny Forester, the 

 ' Records of Alderbrook,' a work very popular in America, and more 

 than once reprinted iu England ; ' The Great Secret ; ' ' Missionary 

 Biography ; ' ' The Katbayan Slave,' &c. : she died June 1, 1854. 



JUGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Manastabal, by a concubine, 

 and grandson of Masinissa, was brought up under the care of his uncle 

 Micipsa, king of Numidia, who sent him with an auxiliary force to 

 j"in Jicipio ..Kmilianus, in his war against Numantia in Spain. 



Jugurtha so distinguished himself a? to become a great favourite with 

 Scipio, who, at the conclusion of the war, seat him back to Africa with 

 strong recommendations to Micipsa. Micipsa adopted him, and 

 declared him joint heir with his own two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal. 

 After Micipsa's death (B.C. 118), Jugurtha, aspiring to the undivided 

 possession of the kingdom, effected the murder of Hiempsal, and 

 obliged Adherbal to escape to Home, where he appealed to the senate. 

 Jugurtha however found means to bribe many of the senators, aud a 

 commission was sent to Africa in order to divide Numidia between. 

 Jugurtha and Adherbal. The commissioners gave the best portion to 

 Jugurtha, who, not long after their departure, invaded the territory 

 of his cousin, defeated him, besieged him in Cirta, and having obliged 

 him to surrender, put him to a cruel death ; and this almost under 

 the eyes of Scaurus and others, whom the Roman senate had sent as 

 umpires between the two rivals (B.C. 112). This news created great 

 irritation at Rome, and in the following year, under the consulship of 

 Scipio Nasica and Calpurnius Bestia, war was declu-ed against Jugurtha, 

 and an army was sent to Africa under Calpurnius, accompanied by 

 Scaurus, with other senators as his advisers. After some fighting, 

 Jugurtha obtained under most favourable conditions the quiet pos- 

 session of the usurped kingdom. The treaty however was not ratified 

 at Rome ; aud Calpurnius being recalled, the new consul Posthumius 

 Albinus was appointed to the command iu Africa. Meantime Jugurtha, 

 being summoned, appeared at Rome ; but as he then succeeded in 

 bribing several of the senators, and also Bajbius, a tribune of the 

 people, no j udgmeut was given. Jugurtha, emboldened by this success, 

 caused Massiva, son of his uncle Gulussa, whom he suspested of aiming 

 at his kingdom, to be assassinated iu the Roman capital. The crime 

 was traced to Jugurtha, but as he was in Rome under the public 

 guarantee, the senate, instead of bringing him to trial, ordered him to 

 leave Rome immediately. 



It was then that Jugurtha is said to have exclaimed against the 

 venality of that city, " which would willingly sell itself if it could find 

 a purchaser wealthy enough to bid for it." Poathumius was sent to 

 Africa to prosecute the war, but he eoon returned to Rome without 

 having effected anything, leaving the army under the command of his 

 brother Aulus Posthumius, who allowed himself to be surprised in 

 his camp by Jugurtba, to whom he surrendered himself; and his army, 

 having passed under the yoke, evacuated Numidia. The new consul, 

 Metellus, arriving soon after with fresh troops, carried on the war 

 with great vigour, and being himself above temptation, reduced 

 Jugurtha to the last extremity. Caius Marius was serving as lieu- 

 tenant to Metellus, whom iu the year B.C. 107 he supplanted iu tho 

 command. Jugurtha meantime having allied himself with Bocchus 

 king of Mauritania, continued to give full employment to the Romans. 

 Marius took the towns of Capsa and Moluca, aud in a, hard contested 

 battle defeated the two kings. Bocchus made oilers of peace, and 

 Marius sent to him his quaestor Sulla, who after much negociation 

 induced Bocchus to give up Jugurtha into the hands of tho Romans 

 as the price of hia own peace and security. Bocchus hesitated awhile, 

 but at last, having appointed a conference, he had Jugurtha seized and 

 delivered over to the Romans. Jugurtha followed in chains, with his 

 sons, the triumph of Marius, after which he was thrown into the 

 Mamertine subterraneous dungeon, the soldiers having stripped him 

 of all his clothes, and even tore his ears for the sake of the ear-rings 

 which he wore. He was starved to death iu his prison ; or, as some 

 say, he was strangled. His two sons were sent to Venusia, where 

 they lived in obscurity. The war against Jugurtha lasted five years ; 

 it ended iu the year B.C. 1015. (Sallustius, De Hello Jugurthinot 

 Eutropius.) 



JULIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS CLA'UDIUS ('The Apostate'), son of 

 Julius Constantius, brother of Constantino tha Great, was born at 

 Constantinople, November 17, 331. After Constantino's death, the 

 soldiers massacred the brothers, nephews, and other relatives of that 

 prince, in order that the empire snould pass undisputed to his sous. 

 [CONSTANTIUS.] Two only escaped from this butchery, Julian, then 

 six years old, and his half-brother Gallus, then thirteen years of age. 

 Marcus, bishop of Arethusa, is said to have concealed them iu a 

 church. After a time Constantius exiled Gallus into Ionia, and 

 entrusted Julian to the care of Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia. Julian 

 was instructed in Greek literature by Mardouius, a learned eunuch, 

 who had been teacher to his mother Basiliua. At tue aga of fourteen 

 or fifteen he was sent to join his brother Gallus at Maoellum, a castle 

 in Cappadocia, where they were treated as princes, but closely watched. 

 (' Juliaui Opera, Epistle to the Athenians.') The youths were taught 

 the Scriptures, aud were even ordained lecturers, and in that capacity 

 publicly read the Bible in the church of Nicomedia. It appears that 

 Constantius had the intention of making a priest of Julian, who had 

 no inclination for that profession, and who is supposed to have already 

 secretly abandoned the belief iu the Christian doctrines. The death, 

 of Coustans and Constantino having left Constantius sole master of tha 

 Roman world, that emperor, who was childless, sent for Gallus, in 

 March 351, and created him Caesar, and ho allowed Julian to return 

 to Constantinople to finish his studios. There Julian met with the 

 sophist Libanius, who afterwards became his friend aud favourite. 

 Conatantius soon after again banished Julian to Nicomedia, where he 

 became acquainted with some Platonist philosophers, who initiated 

 him into their doctrines. He afterwards obtained leave to proceed to 



