JULIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUa 



JULIUS IL 



Athens, where be devoted himself entirely to (tody. After the tragical 

 death of Gallus, in 855, Julian, who had again for a time awakened the 

 jealous suipicion* of hit cooain, wai recalled to court by the influence 

 of the Kiuprm Etuebia, bis cooatant patroness, when Constautius 

 named him Ciraar, and gave him the government of Gaul, which waa 

 then ilcva-lated bv theliern-an tribe*, together with hia sister Helena 

 to wife. Julian made four campaign* againat the Germans, in which 

 he displayed great skill and valour, and freed Gaul from the Barbarians, 

 whom be pursued iicroas the Rhine, lie spent hia winters at Lutetia 

 (Parii), and became u much esteemed for hia equitable and judicious 

 administration as fur his military success. Constantius, always 

 suspicious, ordered Julian to send him back aome of the beat legioua 

 in Gaul to be employed againit the Persians. When the time for 

 marching came, in the year 360, Julian aaaouibled the legions at 

 Lutetia, and there bade them an affectionate farewell, when an insur- 

 rection broke out among the soldiers, who saluted him as Augustus. 

 Julian immediately sent messengers to Constantius to deprecate his 

 rath, and to claim the title of Augustus, with supreme authority 

 over the provinces in which he had ruled as Ctoaar. Coustantius 

 rejected his proposals, and Julian marched with his legions towards 

 Constantinople. Coustautiiis on his part set out to meet him. But 

 the death of the emperor, November 3, 361, left the throne open to 

 Julian. He proceeded to Constantinople, where, being proclaimed 

 emperor in December 361, he reformed the pomp and prodigality of 

 the household, issued several prudent edicts, corrected many abuses, 

 and established a court at Cualcedon to investigate the conduct of 

 those who had abused their influence under the preceding reign. 

 Unfortunately aome innocent men were confounded with the guilty; 

 """g others Ursulas, whom condemnation, Auiuiioaus (b, xxii.) 

 deplores. 



Coins of Julianm. 

 British Museum. Actual i*o. 



On assuming the purple Julian had openly professed the old 

 religion of Homo and sacrificed as high-priest to the gods, and though 

 at the same time he had issued an edict of universal toleration, he soou 

 showed a marked hostility to the Christians : he took the revenues 

 from thu churches, and ordered that those who had assisted in pulling 

 down the heathen temples should rebuild them. This was a signal 

 for a fearful re-action and persecution against the Christians in the 

 provinces, where many wero imprisoned, tormented, and even put to 

 death. Julian restrained or punished some of these disorders, but 

 with no zealous hand. There was evidently a determined struggle 

 throughout the empire between the old and the new religion, and 

 Julian wished for the triumph of the former. Ho forbade the 

 Christians to read or teach others the works of the ancient -rlHiitian. 

 laying that as they rejected the gods they ought not to avail them- 

 selves of the learning and genius of those who believed in them 

 (' Julian! Opera,' Kpist. 42, Spauheiui'n edition). Ho also forbade tlic 

 Christians filling any office, civil or military, and subjected them to 

 other dioabilitiea and humiliations. Julian hits been called the 

 Apostate, but according to bis own statement, he ceased to be a 

 Christian in his twentieth year, and it seems very doubtful whether 

 at any period of his life after his boyhood he had been a Christian in 

 his heart; the hod example of the court of Coiutautius, and the 

 schisms and persecutions that broke out in the bosom of the church, 

 may, as has been suggested, have turned him against religion itself, 

 while his vanity, of which he bad a largo share, and which was stimu- 

 lated by the praises of the sophuto, made him probably consider him- 

 self as destined to revive both the old religion and the glories of the 

 empire. Yet it was not till he ascended the throne that he publicly 

 avowed his adherence to the ancient faith : thua for at least ten rears, 

 by bis own account, be dissembled hia change of religion. That he 

 was no believer in the mythological fable* is evident from his writings, 

 especially the piece called ' The Cnsan ;' yet ho professed great seal 

 for the heathen divinities, and be wrote orations in praise of the 

 mother of the {pods and of the sun. Making every allowance for the 

 difficulties of his position and the effect of early impressions, ho may 

 bo fairly charged with a want of candour and of justice, and with 

 much affectation bordering upon hypocrisy. If we choose to discard 

 the invectives of Gregory of NOCUUIEUH, of Cyril, and of Jerome, we 



may be allowed at least to judge him by the narrative of Amiuiauua 

 and by his own works, and the result is very far from favourable to 

 his moral rectitude or sobriety of judgment. 



Julian, having resolved on carrying on the war against the Fenians, 

 repaired to Autioch, where he resided for several months. His neg- 

 lected attire, his uncombed beard, and the philosophical austerity of 

 his habits, drew upon him the sarcasms of the population of Autioch. 

 The emperor revenged himself by writing a satire agaiust them. 

 called ' Misopogon,' and, what was worse, by giving them a rapacious 

 governor. He set off on his expedition with a brilliant army, reckoned 

 at 65,000 men, crossed the Euphrates, took several fortified towns of 

 Mesopotamia, crossed the Tigris and took Ctesiphou, but here his pro- 

 gress ended. The close Roman legions were harassed on all sides by 

 the light cavalry of the Persians, and reduced to great distress for 

 want of provisions. Still they presented a formidable front to the 

 enemy, and Sapor, the Persian king, was inclined to come to terms, 

 when in a skirmish between the advanced posts of both armies, Julian, 

 who had run to head hia soldiers, neglecting to put on his cuirasn, 

 received a mortal wound from a javelin which pierced his aide. 

 Being carried to his tent he expired the following night, 26th June 363. 

 He died with calmness and composure, surrounded by bis friends, con- 

 versing on philosophical subjects, and expressing his satisfaction at bis 

 own past conduct since he had been at the head of the empire. Hit 

 remains were carried to Tarsus in Cilicia, according to his directions, 

 and his successor Jovian erected a monument to his memory. 



The works of Julian consist of orations, satires, ' The Cajsars,' and 

 about eighty letters, some of which are very interesting. His letter to 

 Themistius contains a treatise on the duties of sovereigns. His nar- 

 rative of his Gaulish and German campaigns is unfortunately lost. 

 The hut and best edition of Julian's works is by K/ech. Spanheim, 

 Leipzig, 1696, fol.; but it does not contain all the letters. A complete 

 edition of the letters was published by L. H. lleyler, Mainz, 1828, Svo. 

 There is a French translation of Julian's works by La Bletterie, and 

 a Life of him by Tourlet ; but the best life of Julian, and a very 

 favourable one, is that by Gibbon in his 'Decline and Fall.' 



JULIA'NUS, SALVIUS, was probably a native of Milan. He was 

 the great-grandfather of the Emperor Didius Julianus. (.Kliauiu 

 Spartianus, 'Didius Juliauus.') Julianus was twice consul, and also 

 Prafectus Urbi. Ho mentions his own consulship and office of 

 Preotor Urbanus ; and he also speaks of having been in Egypt 

 (' Digest' xlii. tit. 2, e. 5 ; xlvi. tit 3, s. 36). Juliauus was a dis- 

 tinguished jurisconsult, and one of the Consiliarii of Hadrian ; and he 

 may probably have attained the honour of the consulship under this 

 emperor. Lampridius (' Conirnodus,' c. 3) speaks of the Emperor 

 Commodus soliciting the chastity of a eon of Salviua Juliauus, and 

 of his putting the father to death ; but this cannot be the jurisconsult 

 Julianus, who probably died in the reign of Antoninus Pius. The 

 sepulchre of the Jurisconsult was on the Via Lavicana, five miles 

 from Borne, according to Spartianus; and his descendant the Emperor 

 Didius Juliauus was buried iu the same tomb. ('Didius Julianus,' c. 8.) 

 Salvius Julianus was a pupil of Javoleuua Priscus, and therefore 

 >ne of the Sabiniani. Hia authority was very great among the Koman 

 urista, and ho is oftener cited than any other writer by the 

 Itouian jurists, even more frequently than Labeo. The great work 

 with which his name in connected was the ' Edictum Perputuuin,' 

 which v.as compiled iu the time of Hadrian. His principal legal work 

 voa Ninety Books of Digests. There ore 457 excerpts from Julianus 

 n the Digest of Justinian, and chiefly from the work just mentioned. 

 There are also mentioned, in the Florentine Index, Six Books Ad 

 Minueiiini, Four Books Ad Urseiuui, and One Book Ou Ambiguities 

 Ue Ambiguitatibus). 



J U 'LI US I. succeeded Marcus in the see of Uome in 336. Athanaaius 

 laving been driven by the Eusebiao party from hia see of Alexandria, 

 t was agreed by many of the Eastern bishops that the dispute should 

 >e settled in a council to be assembled at liome. The council was 

 convoked in 310, and Athanosius appeared, but not hia adversaries, 

 who convened another synod at Autioch, which excluded Athanaaius 

 rom his see. Julian remonstrated, but iu vain. [ATHAH Aica, ST.] 

 ['he general council of Sardica was next convened, but a schism soon 

 iroke out in that assembly, and the portiaa excommunicated each 

 other. This is the council which is said to have granted to the aee of 

 tome the right of arbitration in cases concerning the deposition of 

 lishopa; but this is a point much controverted. Julius died in the 

 'ear 362. Two letters of his to the Eusebians and the Church of 

 Uexaudria are extant (Constant, ' Epiatoho lioman. 1'oiitif ' I Others 

 lave been falsely attributed to him, ta well as ten decretal*, which 

 are spurious. , 



JULIUS II., CARDINAL BELLA ROYEBE, nephew to Pope Sixtus IV., 

 ucceeded Pius HI. in the year 1503. He hod distinguished himscli 

 under preceding pontificates by his haughty temper aud warlike dis- 

 Kwition, which wero litter for the sword tluui the crosier. After 

 us exaltation to the |>apal throne he began by driving Cesore Borgia 

 out of his ill-gotten possessions in the liomagna ; but there ho found 

 another power, the Venetians, who, during the preceding troubles, had 

 taken possession of liitveuua. lUmiui, and other places. The Venetians 

 >0ered to pay tribute to the see of Home for those territories, but 

 ulius refused, and demanded their absolute restitution to the Church. 

 After fruitless iirgociations, Juliu., in 1503, made a league with 



