689 



JULIUS III. 



JUNOT, ANDOCHE, DUG D'ABRANTES. 



870 



Louis XII., the Emperor Maximilian, and the Duke of Ferrara, against 

 Venice. This was called the League of Cambrai, find its object was 

 the destruction of the republic of Venice and the partition of its 

 territories. Venice however stood firm, although its armies were 

 defeated and its territories were ravaged by both Germans and French 

 with their usual atrocity. At last Julius himself, having recovered 

 the town of Komagua, perceived the impolicy of uniting with ultra- 

 montane sovereigns against the oldest Italian atate, and accordingly in 

 Feb. 1510, he made peace with Venice. Wishing to undo the mischief 

 which he had done, and to drive the foreigners, whom he styled 

 " barbarians," out of Italy, he first sought to arm the Germans against 

 the French, whom he dreaded most; but not succeeding, he called to 

 his aid the Swiss. The pope himself took the field against the French 

 in Lombardy, and attacked and took the town of La Mirandola, 

 entering it by a breach, in January 1511. The next campaign was 

 unfavourable to Julius, and he lost Bologna. But in the following 

 October his legates succeeded in forming a league, which he called 

 "holy," with Ferdinand of Spain, Henry of England, the Venetians, 

 and the Swiss. The campaigu subsequent, in 1512, was marked by 

 the battle of Ravenna and the death of Gaston de Foix, the French 

 commander, followed by the total expulsion of the French from Lom- 

 bardy. But this was effected by the Swiss, German, and Spanish 

 troops, and Julius merely succeeded in driving one party of foreigners 

 out of Italy by means of other foreigners, who meantime subverted 

 the republic of Florence, and gave it to the Medici. In the midst of 

 these event", Julius died of an inflammatory disease, on the 21st of 

 February 1513. He was succeeded by Leo X. Julius was fond of 

 the fine arts ; he patronised Bramante, Michel Angelo, and liaffaelle, 

 and he began the structure of St. Peter's church. 



JULIUS III., CARDINAL GIOCCI, succeeded Paul III. in 1550. 

 He re-opened the sittings of the Council of Trent, which had been 

 suspended under hii predecessor. He quarrelled with France and 

 with Venice, and al'O with Ferdinand, king of the Romans and 

 brother to Charles V., and died in March 1555, leaving behind him 

 a very indifferent character, marked by incapacity and misconduct. 



JONGMANN, JOSEF, an eminent Bohemian lexicographer and 

 bibliographer, was born at Hudlitz, near Beraun, on the 16th of July 

 1773. Hig father was a peasant, who specially occupied himself with 

 the management of bees, and Jungmaun, who early showed a literary 

 turn, had much to struggle with in devoting himself to his favourite 

 pursuits. His example appears to have produced an effect on others 

 of the family, for Antonio, a younger brother, became a physician, 

 and Jan a priest. The German language was introduced iuto the 

 schools of Bohemia in 1774, and Jungmann, though from his name 

 he was evidently of German de-cent, and though, as his after life 

 evinced, he had taleuts for acquiring languages, seems to have felt as 

 a peculiar hardship the necessity he was under of obtaining a mastery 

 of German. He made it th main business of hig after life to restore 

 aii'l promote the study and cultivation of the Bohemian language, 

 which, in his boyhood, was almost abandoned to the use of the 

 peasantry, and which, owing in a considerable degree to his exertions, 

 vi now the ordinary language of Bohemian authors, who were formerly 

 accustomed to employ either German or Latin. He studied first at 

 Beraun, and then at the University of Prague; and in the year 1799 

 obtained an appointment as teacher of grammar at the gymnasium, or 

 grammar school, of Leitmeritz, where he devoted part of his leisure 

 to giving gratuitous instruction in Bohemian. While at Leitmeritz 

 he translated several specimens of English poetry Pope's ' Eloisa,' 

 and ' Messiah ; ' Goldnnith's ' Edwin and Angelina ; ' Gray's ' Elegy 

 in a Country Churchyard ; ' and above all tl.e ' Paradi-e Lost,' which 

 was completed about 1804, but not published till 1811, and which came 

 to a second edition in 1843, in the ' Nowoceskri Biblioteka,' a collec- 

 tion of the Bohemian classics. In 1815 he was transferred to Prague 

 ag professor of Latin at the grammar school of the Old-Town, of 

 which, in 1834, he became the prefect, or principal. In 1840 he was 

 chosen rector of the university, an office which was delivered to him 

 by hi-! brother Antonin, who had occupied it the year before, while 

 his brother Jan read high mass as part of the ceremonies. Antonin, 

 who baa written several medical works in Bohemian, has also pub- 

 lished an essay on the Sanscrit language, and Jan is likewise an author 

 in the native tongue. In 1845 the infirmities of age compelled Josef 

 to retire from the management of the gymnasium, but he was still 

 occupied with correcting works for the press at the time of his death, 

 on the 18th of November 1847. He had for several years been an 

 object of affectionate veneration to tho Bohemian public. 



Jungmann is the author of two works which are certain to preserve 

 hig name. One the ' Slownik Cesko-Nemecky,' the great Bohemian 

 Dictionary, in five quarto volumes, comprising at least four thousand 

 pages of close print iu double columns, is a stupendous monument of 

 zeal and diligence, which the Bohemians proudly place by the side of 

 Johnson and Adelung. The only other dictionary of a Slavonic lan- 

 guage which can be compared to it is the Polish of Linde, which is 

 indeed more rich in points of derivation and comparison. In uniformity 

 with its title, 'Bohemian-German Dictionary,' equivalents to the Bohe- 

 mian words arc given in German in this elaborate work, but the main 

 mass of information which it contains is only accessible to the Bohemian 

 gcholar, and even the Preface is given solely in Bohemian. This 

 dictionary, which passed through tho press between 1835 and 1839, 



was published at the expense of the Bohemian Museum, and iu an 

 imperial decree which was issued soon after its appearance, it was 

 directed that the orthography adopted by Jungmann should be taken 

 as a standard iu the schools of the country. The triumph however 

 was a short-lived one, for already in 1842 the Museum had adopted 

 another system of orthography, to which Jungmanu was obliged to 

 conform in other works issued under its auspices, hoping, as he tells 

 us in his ' History of Bolivian Literature,' that this new system might 

 be the last. This ' History ' is his other great labour, and it is a uiost 

 useful compilation to all who take interest in a curious branch of 

 literary research. The first edition, which was issued in 1825, was 

 out of print for several years before tho appearance of the second, 

 which Jungmann was engaged upon at the time of his death, and 

 which was published in 1849. It is not so much what its title 

 indicates as a complete Bohemian bibliography. The narrative portion, 

 which is somewhat dry, hardly occupies a tenth part of the work, the 

 remainfler is a complete and minute enumeration of every book in the 

 Bohemian language, printed or manuscript, of which Jungmann could 

 acquire information, from those of the earliest period, the manuscripts 

 discovered by Hanka [HANKA], to tho year 1846. He even had the 

 patience to form a list of the separate articles in periodicals, so that, 

 with the assistance of very copious indexes, a reader may ascertain iu 

 a few minutes, which of the works of Dickens, Scott, and Shafcspere 

 were translated into Bohemian by the year 1846, who were the trans- 

 lators, and when the versions appeared. The miscellaneous writings 

 of Jungmann were collected in one volume, and published by tbe 

 Bohemian Museum in 1841. They mainly consist of translations 

 from English, French, and German, but there are some essays on tho 

 favourite subject of his native language, which are curious in matter 

 and animated in manner. 



JU'NIUS, FRANCISCUS. There are two learned persons of this 

 name, father and sou. The father was a Protestant minister iu the 

 Low Countries, best known by a translation of the Scriptures into the 

 Latin tongue, in which he was assisted by Tremellius, whence it is 

 usually called the version of Juuius and Tremellius. He became pro- 

 fessor of theology at Leyden, where he died in 1602. His sou, the 

 younger Francis Junius, of whom we are principally to speak, was 

 born at Heidelberg in 1589, and accompanied his father to Lt-ydeu, 

 but soon relinquished study and embraced the profession of arms. 

 On the cessation of hostilities in those countries in 1609 ho gave up 

 arms, and betook himself to literature as a profession. He came over 

 to England in 1610, and was soon entertained as his librarian by 

 Thomas Howard, earl of Arundel, a nobleman whose name, whenever 

 it occurs, is found associated with some good deed connected with the 

 higher interests of man. Junius remained thirty years in this honour- 

 able connection, during which time, having few distractions and an 

 insatiable appetite for curious knowledge, he accumulated vast stores 

 of information. 



The more particular direction of his studies was towards the northern 

 languages, or rather the various dialects of that great language which, 

 under the name of the Gothic or the Teutonic, seems to have been 

 spoken in the remotest ages by the people who inhabited both shores 

 of the Baltic. We owe to him the publication of the most valuable 

 relic of the literature of tho people who spoke this language in what 

 may be called its purity, a version of the gospels, commonly called 

 Ulphilas's Version, and the manuscript which contains it, ' The Silver 

 Codex.' This was printed, with many learned notes and other illus- 

 trations, in 1665. There is another work of his, published in his 

 lifetime, on the ' Painting of the Ancients," which is a very useful book. 

 But the work by which he is best known is a posthumous work, not 

 printed indeed till 1743, entitled ' Etymologicum Anglicamiin,' iu 

 which we have the investigation of the origin of numerous words in 

 the English language, relics of the language spoken by our Saxon pro- 

 genitors, conducted with a great apparatus of the knowledge required 

 in such an undertaking. It was much used by Johnson. 



Junius lived to his eighty-ninth year, dying in 1678 at Windsor, at 

 the house of his nephew, Isaac Vossius, another of the great names 

 in the list of the learned. He had formed a valuable collection of 

 manuscripts, which he bequeathed to the University of Oxford, and 

 they are now among the treasures of the Bodleian Library. 



JUNOT, ANDOCHE, DUG D'ABRANTES, was born at Bussy-les- 

 Forges, on the 24th of September 1771, according to the duchess's 

 memoirs, whilst all the biographical dictionaries fix the date in October 

 of the same year. He had begun to study for the law, when the 

 political events of 1791 induced him to enlist in the battalion of 

 volunteers raised in the department of tho Cote-d'Or : he soou dis- 

 tinguished himself, and his fellow-soldierg made him a sergeant on the 

 field of one of his acts of daring. In that grade he was serving at the 

 siege of Toulon, when Bonaparte, not yet a general, commanded the 

 artillery, and having discerned the soldierly qualities of Junot, attached 

 him to his person. The capture of the place raised the commandant 

 to a general of brigade, when Juuot was made a captain, and became 

 the first aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte. For nearly two years he 

 continued the sole aide-de-camp of General Bonaparte; he is even said 

 to have shared his purse with his superior officer during tho few mouths 

 that he remained unattached, prior to the 13th Vendemiaire (October, 

 1795). 



He accompanied Bonaparte to Italy, in 1796, and was present at 



