en 



JCRQENSBH. 



JUSSIEU, ANTOINE LAURENT DE. 



I.o-li, Arcola, Caaliglion*, and Loiuio, t which lut buttle he was 

 badly woundeel. In IT! 1 '.', ha took part in the campaign in F.pypt, 

 when at the combat of Nazareth, with a troop of three hundred hone, 

 be held a body of several thousand Mussulmans in check, till Klrix r 

 CUD* to his relief. He preatly awiited Bonaparte on the IStli Bruinairr, 

 in orcrthrowing the Diiectory. For this timely aervice, be was made 

 Commandant of Paris, in 1SOO ; married to Mademoiselle du Petmon 

 (bo>e family had long keen connected w^th that of Bonaparte) on 

 the iMh October of the ssmc year; >nd created a general of division, 

 In 1S01. In 1S04, ho was appointed Governor of 1'aria. On the lot of 

 February 1805, he received the title of colonel-general of hussars, 

 besides being decorated with the grand eagle of the Legion of Honour. 

 He waa likewise aeot on several minions to the Court of Lisbon, his 

 part of ambassador being suddenly changed at last into that of 

 aggressor, when the good understanding between France and Portugal 

 had ceased, in 1806. Junot then took forcible possession of Portu- 

 gal, aud held bia ground there for nearly two years, when Sir 

 Arthur Wellesley's victory at Vimiera, on the 21st of August 1 SOS, 

 and the conclusion of the Convention of Cintra, nine days after the 

 battle, was followed by the evacuation of Portugal by the French 

 army, and Junot's return to Paris. He bad already received his title 

 aa Duo d'Abrantes; but from this period he lost all favour with 

 Napoleon, having no chief command entrusted to hU orders. In 1S12 

 he waa directed to join the graiide armce, and the 8th corps was 

 ostensibly placed under his command, but the orders from Beithicr 

 were transmitted rather to his lieutenants than to himself, and the 

 only time his name was mentioned in a bulletin, he was reflected 

 upon as having shown " a wont of resolution." Uudor this reproach 

 liia spirit sank ; he was refused employment in the campaign of 1813, 

 and shortly after, was attacked with mental disease. In this state he 

 waa conveyed to the house of his father, at Montpelier, ou the 22ud of 

 July 1813 ; the following day he threw himself out of a window, broke 

 one of his thighs, and it became necessary to amputate the leg. He 

 died on the 28th. 



LAURA PEBUON, Dnchesse d'Abrantee, was born at Montpelier, 

 November 6, 1784, and was only sixteen when married to Junot, in 

 1800. She was a woman of great frankness of speech, and equnlly 

 remarkable for the prodigality of her expenditure. As a consequence 

 she made enemies at court, during her husband's life, aud when 

 his death and the fall of Napoleon had turned the tide of tier fortune, 

 she had no savings to support herself and family. She therefoie had 

 recourse to her pen for her subsistence. She wrote many tales aud 

 novels; but her principal work was her 'Me/moires au Souvenirs 

 bistoriques sur Napoleon,' published in 1831. As these memoirs con- 

 tained many incidents relating to the early life of the French emperor, 

 its success was universal throughout Europe. The Duchetse d'Abrantes 

 died in extreme poverty on the 7th of June 1 838. 



JCKGENSEN. [JoHGEKSO.v] 



JURIEU, PIERRE, was born in 1637, and was the son of a 

 Protestant minuter at Her, in the diocese of Blois, and nephew of 

 the celebrated liivet and Du Moulin. When of age to enter the 

 ministry, he succeeded his father in his pastoral office. His repu- 

 tation for learning afterwards obtained for him the situation of 

 Proftssor of Theology and the Hebrew language at Sedan. When in 

 1681 the Protestants were deprived of the permission to give public 

 instruction in that town, he retired to Rouen, and from thence went 

 to Rotterdam, where he was appointed Professor of Theology. In 

 that city the ardour of his zeal coon drew him into controversy with 

 Bayle, Boenage, and Saurin ; in the heat of which he manifested the 

 same rancour which unfortunately disgraces most of his polemical 

 writings. He allowed himself likewise to fall into various errors by 

 too much indulging a naturally lively imagination in the inter- 

 pretation of prophecy. In his 'Commentary on the Apocalypse ' he 

 even predicted the establishment of Protentantum in France during 

 the year 1C86. Those who differed from him in opinion, however 

 high tLeir character for learning and piety, he treated with a most 

 unbecoming severity. Grotius and Hammond, perhaps the two 

 greatest theologians of their age, because they differed from him on 

 the subject of the Antichrist predicted in the book of Revelation*, 

 he stylet, "the disgrace of the Reformed (.'lunch, ai.d even of 

 Christianity." The tame spirit is mauifeste d in his well-known con- 

 troversy with Eotsuet, bishop of llcaux, whom he does not scruple to 

 accuse of falsehood and dishonesty, though, on the other bond, it 

 mtut be allowed that the recriminations of this celebrated defender of 

 the Church of Rome, if more politely expressed, ate equally severe 

 and destitute of truth ; the great object of Boi-suet being, it would 

 appear, to charge hi antagonist with holding the heretical opinions of 

 S ( ,ni,uf. (BosMiet, ' Hist, des Variations,' vol. iv. p. 04 ; v. pp. 236-238.) 

 With all thete defects, Jurieu stands deservedly high as a controversialist 

 His learning waa most profound, he is generally exact in the citation of 

 his authorities, and be had a special talent in discovering tl 

 point in the cause of bis antagonists. In retpect of style and elo- 

 quence he is immeasurably behind llossue t, but be is at least bia equal 

 in polemical talent, and by some is considered his superior in erudition. 

 Jurieu 'B private life was becoming that of a Christian minister; he win 

 charitable to the poor almost keyood his means, and he employed the 

 gn at influence be possessed with the foreign court* in alleviating the 

 suffering* of his exiled brethren. He died at Rotterdam ou the llth 



of January 1713. Hia works, which are very numerous, were 

 extremely popular in their day, and many of them are atill held in 

 high estimation by theologians of every school, on account of the 

 great learning which they dinpUy. The principal of them are 1. 'A 

 Treatise ou Devotion.' 2. 'Defence of the Morality of the Reformed 

 Church,' Hague, 1685, in answer to a work by Aruauld entitled 

 'Morality destroyed by the CalviniaU.' 3. 'A Preservative against 

 Change in Religion,' which wus written to refute Boasuet'a Exposition 

 of the Catholic Faith.' 4. ' Letters against the History of Calvinism 

 by De Maimbourp,' 2 vola, .1. Another collection of controversial 

 letters, entitled ' The last Efforts of Oppresaed Innocence.' 6. ' A 

 Treatise on the Church : ' bo considers it composed of all Christian 

 societies who hold the common principles of the Christian faith. This 

 treatise is (sometimes accompanied by a Reply to Nicolle, who had 

 written a work in refutation of it 7. 'A History of the Doctrines 

 and Worship of the .lew*,' Amsterdam, 1704, with a Supplement 

 published in 1705. 8. ' A Treatise on Mystical Theology,' composed 

 on the occasion of the well known controversy between Fcnelou aud 

 BoMMti 



JUSSIEU, ANTOINE LAURENT DE, an eminent French botanist, 

 was bom at Lyon in 1748, and arrived at Paris in 1765 for the purpose 

 of completing his education as a medical practitioner. He was then 

 placed under the core of his uncle, Bernard de Jussieu, at that time 

 one of the demonstrators of botany in the Jardin du Roi, a man 

 possessing a profound knowledge of plants, and who probably gave 

 his nephew, the first interest in the science which he subsequently 

 illustrated with fo much success. In the year 1770, his medical studies 

 having been completed, he took the degree of Doctor of Medicine, on 

 which occasion the title of his thesis war, 'An ccconominm vitalem 

 inter et vepttalem analogio,' a subject which sufficiently marks the 

 turn his studies bad already taken. In the same year he was nomi- 

 nated botanical demonstrator iu the Jardin du Roi, as a substitute 

 for Lemonnier, whose duties as chief physician to the king prevented 

 bis executing that office in person. Thus at the early age of twenty- 

 two years Jussieu found himself under the necessity of undertaking 

 the duty of teaching students the essential characters of the plant* 

 cultivated in the Paris Garden a task for which experience in iU tails 

 and practical knowledge were required, rather than that general 

 acquaintance with botuny which a young man just released from hia 

 medical curriculum might be expected to possess. This obligee! him 

 to study one day the subjects to be demonstrated the next, and to 

 occupy himself incessantly with acquiring a correct practical acquaint- 

 ance with plants. At that time the collection of plants in the Jardin 

 du Roi was arranged according to the method of Tournefort ; but 

 shortly afterwards it became necessary to rearrange it Of this oppor- 

 tunity Jussieu took advantage ; he drew up a memoir upon a new 

 method of arrangement, which was read before the Academy of 

 Sciences, and aftei wards carried into effect in the garden. The idea 

 of this method was undoubtedly token from a classification of the 

 plants in the Royal Garden of Trianon, executed under the direction 

 of his uncle ; but it was different in much of the details, and waa 

 prepared without consultation with Beinard de Jussieu, who in fact 

 was at that time old, nearly blind, ill, and incapable of taking part in 

 any mental exertion. Previously to this, young De Jusgieu had studied 

 the natural order Jlanunculactte with so much attention, that he made 

 it the subject of a communication to the Academy of Sciences, in 

 whose 'Transactions' it waa printed. In after-years he used to say 

 that it was the composition of this memoir which had opened hia eyes 

 to the real principles of botanical classification and made him a 

 botanist It is here that is found the first distinct trace of those 

 clear ideas concerning the relative importance and subordination of 

 characters which the author subsequently applied to the whole veget- 

 able kingdom. In reality there is no natural order of plants altogether 

 so well suited for this purpose as that which happened to be eel 



From this time, that is, from the year 1774 to 17S9, Do Juesieu 

 was constantly occupied iu demonstrating to his class of botany ; and 

 as his new method was thus brought perpetually before him, with all 

 its advantages and disadvantages in practice, he was able to alter anel 

 improve it yearly. Ihe distinctions of genera, their mutual relation, 

 the natural sequence of his orders, and in addition all that was wiitti n 

 by other botanists during this period, became so familiar to Imp, il :-t 

 his eon records his having actually commenced his great work, the 

 ' Genera Plantarum,' in 17bS, without having prepared more than tl;e- 

 commencement of the manuscript ; and he adds that he was seldom, 

 during the printing, above two sheets in advance of the compositors ; 

 a very remarkable circumstance, if the extreme attention to clearness 

 and arrangement conspicuous in this work are borne in mind. It is 

 however always to be remembered that in those days botany was veiy 

 different to what it now is, several thousand genera being now included 

 in general works which were unknown to Jnwieu. 



This extraordinary work made its way slowly. At the tiu.e of it* 

 appearance the greater part of botanists were full of zeal and prejudici* 

 in favour of the sexual system of Liui.tuvis ; an idea prevailed tlmt 

 botany was merely the art of distinguishing one thing from another; 

 and moreover the political state of Europe) was most unfavourable to 

 scientific investigations. As tranquillity was restored in France the 

 work of Jussieu began to be studied, and being studied it soou bccann' 

 the text-book of all tho botanists of reputation iu that country. But 



