75 



JUSTINIANU8 II. 



JUSTINUS L 



town* ha repaired or fortified, attest bis love for tbe arts, and his 

 anxiety for the security and welfare of lit dominions. I'rooopius, 

 ' !> ^Kdiftoiie Domini Justinian!,' give* a notice of the town*, temple* 

 (Si. SopUa unoog the rest), couv.nU, bridge* roads, wall*, and forti- 

 ficafcon* oon*truotd or repaiied under his reign. Tbe earn* Procopius 

 however wrote a secret bittory (' Aneodote ') of the court and reign of 

 Justinian anil l>u wife Theodora, both of whom he paiuU in the darkest 

 colours Theodora indeed wa* an unpriucipled woman, with some 

 abilities, who exercised till ber death in 648 a great influence over tin, 

 mind of Justinian, and many acU of oppression and cruelty were 

 committed by her order; but yet the ' Anecdota ' of Procopius cannot 

 be implicitly trusted, as many of hU charge* ore evidently misrepre- 

 sentations or malignant exaggeration*. 



Coin of Justinian. 

 British Museum. Actual >lxe. 



Justinian was easy of access, patient of hearing, courteous and 

 affable in discourse, and perfect master of his temper. In the con- 

 spiracies against his authority and person be often showed both justice 

 and clemency. He excelled in the private virtues of chastity and 

 temperance ; his meals were short and frugal : on solemn fasts he 

 contented himself with water and vegetables, and he frequently passed 

 two days and as many nights without tasting any food. He allowed 

 himself little time for sleep, and was always up before tbe morning 

 light. His restless application to business and to study, as well as 

 the extent of his learning, have been attested even by bis enemies 

 (' Aneciiota,' c, 8, 13). He was or professed to be a poet and philo- 

 sopher, a lawyer and theologian, a musician and architect ; but the 

 brightest ornament of his reign is the compilation of Roman law, 

 winch has immortalised his name. The first compilation of the most 

 useful laws, or ' constitutions,' which had been promulgated by the 

 predecessors of Juatiuiau from Hadrian to his own time, was published 

 in April 529. A revised code, divided into twelve books, was issued 

 in December 684, under tbe title of the ' Codex Justinianeus repetitaj 

 prselectionis,' and thenceforth had the force of law. In the year follow- 

 ing the publication of the first edition of his Code, Justinian undertook 

 the much greater and more important work of extracting the spirit of 

 jurisprudence from the decisions and conjectures, the questions and 

 disputations, of the Roman civilians. Their lucubrations had in the 

 course of centuries filled a vast number of volumes, but Trebonius 

 and his sixteen associates, to whom Justinian entrusted tbe commiwuou, 

 completed their tak in three years. The work was styled 'Digestu,' 

 and also 'Pandectro ' (' embracing all '), and was published in December 

 S33. It was declared by the emperor that it should have tbe force of 

 law all over the empire, and should supersede all the text-books of the 

 old jurists, which in future were to be of no authority. The ' Digesta ' 

 is divided into fifty books, each book being also divided into titles, and 

 subdivided into sections. While tbe 'Digest' was being compiled, 

 Justinian commissioned Trebonius and two other civilians to make an 

 abridgement of the first principles of the law, for tbe use of young stu- 

 dents. This new work being completed, was published under the name 

 of ' Institutionea ' about a month before tbe appearance of the ' Digest.' 

 Besides these three compilations, the ' Code,' the ' Institutes,' and the 

 ' Digest,' Justinian, after the publication of the second edition of his 

 ' Code,' continued to issue new laws, or constitutions, chiefly in Greek, 

 upon particular occasions, which were collected and published together 

 after his death under the name of Nova:, or Constitutiones Novella;, 

 or Authenticao. The Novella; are divided into 9 Collationes and 

 168 Constitutiones, or, as they aro now often called, Novels. The 

 Novella), together with thirteen edicts of Justinian, make up the 

 fourth part of his legislation. 



Unfortunately Justinian's love of theological controversy led him to 

 interfere with the consciences of his subjects, and bis penal enactments 

 against Jews and heretics display a spirit of mischievous intolerance 

 which has ever since afforded a dangerous authority for religious per- 

 secution. Justinian died, at eighty-three years of age, on the 14th of 

 November 665, leaving no children, and was succeeded by his nephew, 

 Justinus II. 



JU8TINIANUS II., son of Constantine IIL, a lineal descendant of 

 the Emperor Heraclius, succeeded his lather on tho throne of Con- 

 stantinople in 685. His reign, which lasted ten years, wna marked 

 chiefly by wars with the Saracens, and by the exactions and oppres- 

 sions of his ministers. At last bis general Leontius drove him from 

 tbe throne, had his nose cut off, and banished him to tbe Crimea in 

 895. Leontius however was soon after deposed himself and banished 

 by Tiberius Apsimerus, who reigned for seven years. Meantime 

 Justinian had escaped from the Crimea, and married the daughter of 

 the Kakan, or king of the Oazari, a tribe ol Turks; and he after- 

 wards, with the assistance of the Bulgarians, entered Constantinople, 

 and put to a cruel death both Leontius and Tiberius, with many 

 others. He ordered also many of the principal people of Ravenna to 



be put to death. At last Justinian waa dethroned and killed by 

 Pbilipplaui Uardanes in 711. 



JUSTI'NUS, the historian, is supposed to have lived un.li-r Anto- 

 ninus Pius, as it would appear from the preface to his History, 

 ho addresses to that emperor. Tho passage in which the em; 

 name occurs is found in the older editions, but its authenticity U 

 disputed. Nothing else is known of his personal history. He com- 

 piled an abridgement or epitome of the Universal History of Trogua 

 Pompeius, who lived in the time of Augustus, and which consisted of 

 forty-four volumes, as Justin tells us in his preface. The work of 

 Trogus is unfortunately lost, except the prologi or heads of contents 

 of each book, from which it appears that Justinua has been at times 

 a careless abbrcviator, having entirely omitted several interesting 

 subjects which were treated by Trogus, such as in book i., the account 

 of tho -Kolian and Ionian cities in Anin, of the origin of the Tusoi or 

 Ktrusci in Italy, and of the cities of Kgypt. Another charge against 

 Justinus is tbe confused order in which he has narrated eveuU, but 

 this fault may be ascribed to tbe text of Trogus. Book i. treats of 

 the Assyrians from Ninus to Sardanapalns, and of the Medians, 

 Lydiana, and Persians to Darius Hystaspes. The next five books are 

 occupied by the history of the Greek and Persian wars ; but by far 

 the largest part of the work, from book vii. to book xvii. inclusive, U 

 engrossed by tho history of the Macedonian kingdom and empire, 

 before and after Alexander. Books xviii. to xxiii. treat of Carthago 

 and Sicily ; books xxiv. to xl. treat of Greece, Macedonia, Asia, and 

 Egypt, under the successors of Alexander down to the Roman con- 

 quest ; books xli. and xlii. treat of tbe Parthians ; book xliii. treats 

 of the origin of Home and of Massilia (Marseille) ; and the last book 

 is upon the history of Spain. Book xxxvi., in which the author 

 speaks of tho Jews, has been commented upon by J. J. Sohudt, in 

 his 'HUtorise Judaica ex Gentilium Scriptis Collect*,' 8 vo, Frank- 

 furt, 1700. Among the best of the numerous editions of Justinus 

 may be mentioned that by Abr. Gronovius, with variorum notes and 

 dissertations, 1719, reprinted in 1760 ; that of J. G. Gncvius, I 

 1683; that of the Bipontine Society, 1802; that of Wetzel, 1806; 

 and that of KroUcher, 1S27. 



JUSTI'NUS, commonly called JUSTIN, MARTYR, one of the 

 early fathers of tbe Christian church, \vaa born near tbe end of the 

 1st, or early iu the 2nd century, in Palestine, at a place then called 

 Neapolis, a new city, as may be inferred from its name, which had 

 arisen upon tho site of or near the ancient town of Sichem, of which we 

 read in the Old Testament. His father was a Greek. Justin waa 

 carefully instructed in the learning of the Grecian schools of philo- 

 sophy, iu the course of his studies visiting Alexandria, then a cele- 

 brated seat of learning ; and travelling much iu Kgypt. With a mind 

 deeply imbued with the Platonic philosophy, he became sensible to 

 the truth and beauty of Christianity, and made a public profession 

 that he received it as divine truth. This was about the year 132. 



During the remainder of bis life Justin continued in the profession 

 of Christianity, and is distinguished among the fathers of the church 

 by the apologies and defences which he published. His first, apology 

 for Christianity was addressed to tbe emperor Antoninus, at a time 

 when the Christians were suffering rather from popular fury than from 

 the bearing upon theui of the regular authority of the state, and it 

 prevailed so far as to obtain for them some favourable concessions 

 from the emperor. His second apology was addressed to tho suc- 

 cessor of Antoninus, Marcus Aureliua, on occasion of several Christiana 

 having been put to death for their faith. Both these apologies are 

 extant; as well as another work of Justin's, which is a dialogue with 

 Trypho, a learned Jew, in defence of Christianity. Of the genuine- 

 ness of these works there is little doubt. There is also another work 

 of his ' On the Unity and Sovereignty of God ; ' but great suspicions 

 ire entertained of the genuineness of some other writings which have 

 been attributed to him. 



U'.- have now to relate his end. The usual place of his residence 

 was Rome, where, in or about 165, he waa put to death a martyr to 

 Christian truth : he is said to have been first scourged and then 

 beheaded. It was eminently as a martyr or witness that he suffer. .1 ; 

 for he might have saved bin life had be consented to join in a sacrifice 

 to the heathen deities. Hence with his name has descended tbe 

 addition of The Martyr, a distinction which in a later age was given 

 to Peter, one of the Protestant sufferers for the truth. 



' The Dialogue with Trypho ' was edited by Dr. Samuel Jebb, and 

 the ' Apologies ' by Dr. Charles Ashton, two learned Englishmen of 

 the last century. Among the best editions of tbe whole works of 

 Justin may be named tbe editio princeps of the collected works of 

 Stephens, folio, 1651; that of Oberthiir, 2 vols. 8vo, 1777; and 

 especially that of Otto, 2 vols. 8vo, Jena, 1842-44. There are English 

 translations of the Apologies by William Reeve, M.A., 2 vols. 8vo, 

 1809 ; and of the Dialogue by Henry Brown, M.A., 1755. 



JUSTI'NUS I., by birth a peasant of Dacia, iu his youth enlisted 

 in the guards of the emperor Leo L Under that and tho two follow- 

 ing reigns Justin distinguished himself by his military services, and 

 jradually attained the rank of tribune, count, general, and lastly tho 

 command of the guards, which he held when the emperor Anastaeius 

 died, A.D. 518. He was then proclaimed emperor by the soldiers, being 

 i-ixty-cight yean of age, and the clergy and people approved the choice. 

 Justiuus, being himself uninformed in civil affairs, relied for the 



