KANTEM1R, PRINCE ANTIOCHU8 DMITRIJVITCH. 



KARAJICH. 



'"I 



objects, which may be conceited of, bat nevertheless cannot be an 

 object of perception. 



The criticism of the trncrnlenUl dialectic gives thti result that 

 the Ideal of the reason, as pure ipeculatiTO ideas, are nothing more 

 than simple conceptions, for which no corresponding object can be 

 scientifically shown to cilti. Accordingly neither the ezUtence of 

 Ood, nor the immortality of tlie soul, nor tho freedom of the will, 

 can be demonstratively established. Nevertheless, the reason is not 

 merely a theoretical, but also a practical faculty, that is, it gives the 

 law of human conduct and action. Now these laws present them- 

 selves with such an unconditional necessity (the categorical imperative) 

 that no rational man endued with self-esteem can refuse obedience to 

 them ; aud, on the other band, without the freedom of the will these 

 laws could not be obeyed ; and without Ood aud the soul's immor- 

 tality there would be no final cause or motive for human conduct, 

 which must be placed in a state of felicity, agreeable to morality, pro- 

 vided by and to be obtained through Uoil, in another and a better life. 

 Consequently every man who U conscious of bis moral destination 

 holds these practical ideas to be both true and objectively legitimate, 

 notwithstanding that he U compelled or required to admit them 

 merely by a subjective ground the testimony of his own conscious- 

 ness, and of the moral wants resulting from its dictates. This Knnt 

 calls the postulate of the practical reason. Tho acceptance of this 

 postulate as true and legitimate does not constitute a scientific 

 certainty, or knowledge properly, which indeed does not exist for the 

 aupra-seusibic ; it is merely a belief. This fuith, or belief, however, is 

 thus distinguished from every other, that it is a moral or practical 

 faith, and consequently possesses for the believer all the certainty 

 requisite for the guidance and couduct of life, and consequently it 

 enjoys a subjective certainty and authority. This faith is the proper 

 foundation of religion, which is nothing else than a conscientious 

 observance of all duties as divine commands, since God, as the moral 

 law-giver, canuot be worthily honoured otherwise than by obedience 

 to the laws of morality. 



Lastly, the critic of the faculty of the judgment (urtheilskraft) 

 investigates its operations from on icsthetical or teleological point of 

 view. The totality of objects which constitute nature are in harmony 

 with man's faculty of knowledge. Every object may bo considered 

 eosthetically or ideologically ; it possesses as it were two natures, one 

 ceathetical and one teleological. The former is the point of view 

 nnder which it appears to man ; the latter consists in its formal or 

 material concordance with the general harmony of things. Now the 

 agreement which we perceive to subsist between a particular object 

 and such an end docs not belong to it and is not in the object itself. 

 It is, on the contrary, purely subjective ; it belongs to the mind that 

 discovers it, and is dependent upon the mental constitution. In the 

 same manner the judgment is of two kinds. It may either refer to 

 man's mode of conceiving and apprehending objects, and to the 

 degree of pleasure with which the perceptions of them are accom- 

 panied ; or it may consider the harmonious co-ordination of all things 

 and their subordination to a general end, that is, the objective 

 harmony of nature. Tho beautiful, the agreeable, and the useful are 

 the forms of our icsthetical judgments, and the perceptions of them 

 are accompanied with pleasure. Nevertheless they affect us differently, 

 and the sensation of pleasure which the beautiful occasions is of all 

 the most complete. The beautiful is the most noble and most elevated 

 of all the forms of icsthetical judgments. It exists in us antecedently 

 to and independently of all experience. It is inherent in us, and 

 forms a constituent element of our proper nature. Our judgments of 

 objects are as necessarily respective of the beautiful as the practical 

 leisou is of the just and the good. 



The knowledge of nature is only possible on these two conditions : 

 that there are certain relations subsisting between tho system of 

 nature and the human mind; and that harmony reigns throughout 

 the system of natural objects, aud the necessary subordination of 

 each separately to some general end. Considered in this light, 

 organical being is the most excellent production of nature. The 

 examination of any organical body displays an admirable subordi- 

 nation of tho parts to the whole, and the whole itself is in exquisite 

 harmony with each of its parts. But at tho same time the whole 

 itself is but a mean to other ends, a part in a greater totality. Conse- 

 quently the most exalted form of tho teleological judgment is that 

 which considers the whole system of nature as one vast orgauicol 

 structure. Thus considered, the synthetic activity of the judgment 

 exercises itself in two ways, either aathctically or ideologically. In 

 the former case it refers all its decisions to the idea of the beautiful ; 

 in the latter, it subordinates all things to a final cause. 



KANT KM IK, PRINCE ANTIOCHUS DMITRIJVITCn, des- 

 cended from a family of Turkish extraction, was born at Constan- 

 tinople, September 10, 1708. lie received his first education at 

 Kharkov, whence ho proceeded to tho academy at Moscow, where 

 he made such proficiency in his studies that when scarcely ten years 

 old he composed aud recited a discourse in Greek on St. Demotriu*. 

 In 1722 he accompanied his father, who was bospodar of Moldavia, 

 in the campaign against Persia, after which (1725) he prosecuted his 

 studies in the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, directing his 

 attention to that language whose literature he subsequently enriched. 

 It was not long before bis talents recommended him to the notice of 



the empress Anne ; and in 1731 be was despatched to the British court 

 in quality of resident, but in the following year was promoted to bo 

 ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, in which capacity ho 

 was sent in 1733 to the court of France. The empress Elizabeth 

 confirmed all the dignities that had been bestowed upon him by her 

 predecessor. Ho died at Paris, March 1, 1774, of dropsy in the chest, 

 and his body woi conveyed to Moscow for interment in the Greek 

 cloister. 



Kqually amiable and intelligent, his aim as a writer wan to inform 

 and correct, as is sufficiently attested by hi* Satires, which if now 

 somewhat antiquated in regard to versification and style, are justly 

 esteemed for their originality, truth, and force of colouring, and for 

 the philosophical mind which they display. Both Zliukovtky and 

 liatiuskkov have eulogised the merits of Kantemir as a writer and a 

 man ; the first in an analytical essay on his Satires, the other in a very 

 interesting sketch entitled 'An Evening with Kantemir.' His other 

 works were chiefly tr.m-lations, namely, ten of the ' Epistles of Horace,' 

 Fontenelle's ' Plurality of Worlds,' Epictetus, Cornelius Nepos, Mon- 

 tesquieu's ' Persian Letters,' &c., several of which however remain 

 unpublished. 



KAUAJ1CH, or KARADJICH, or KARADSCHITSCH, \TK 

 STEPHANOVICH, the collector of tho national ballads of 8 

 and author of n Servian Dictionary, was bom on the 26th of October 

 (old etyle) 1787, at Trshich, an obscure village in Turkish Servia, near 

 the town of Losnitz.t, not far from the Austrian and Hungarian fron- 

 tier. The Servians of Servia and Bosnia have not as yet in general any 

 family names, and most of his countrymen would have contented 

 themselves with the appellation of Vuk Stephanovich, or Wolf, the 

 son of Stephen ; but the surname Karajich has been added in this 

 instance apparently from the name of a district with which the family 

 was connected. Vuk received his education at the school for the dis- 

 sidents from the Greek Church at Karlovitz, within the Austrian 

 frontier ; and having afterwards visited Vienna, his attention began to 

 bo directed to literary pursuits, the rather that a feeble and crippled 

 frame unfitted him for bodily labour. During the sanguinary and 

 Ion;; continued struggle of the insurgents of his native country against 

 the Turkish authorities, which commenced in 1S04, he acted as secre- 

 tary to different Servian chiefs, some of whom were ignorant of the 

 art of writing ; and he was afterwards employed in the same capacity 

 by the senate of Belgrade and by the self-made prince of Servia, Kara- 

 George, or Black George, during the time of his power, which termi- 

 nated with the abandonment of the Servians by Russia in 1812, 

 and the cruel triumph of the Turks in 1818. Karajich was then com- 

 pelled to take refuge in Austria, where he fortunately adopted tho 

 advice of Kopitar, tlie Slavonic scholar, who then held a post in the 

 Imperial library, to employ himself in forming a collection of the 

 Servian ballads. The language, which is sometimes called Servian, 

 sometimes Illyrian, Bosnian, Croatian, Rascian, and different other 

 names, is spoken altogether by about five millions of people, who ore 

 peculiarly rich in national song. Translations of a few of their ballads 

 had been printed by Fortis, the Dalmatian traveller, and others, and 

 had attracted the attention of some of the leading German writers, in 

 particular Herder and Qothe, who had spoken loudly in their praise. 

 No one however suspected that a treasure of this kind was in exist- 

 ence, of the extent and value of that which was developed by the 

 unwearying researches of Karajich. Since the publication of his 

 ' Narodne Srpske Pjesme,' or ' Servian National Songs," it has been 

 questioned if any of the other ballads of Europe, even the Scottish 

 and Spanish, can sustain a comparison ; and some enthusiastic critics 

 have even contended that nothing approaching them has appeared since 

 the days of Homer. It is one of the most interesting features of the 

 phenomenon that several of the ballads are of entirely recent origin, 

 some of them celebrating the exploits of Kara-George against tho 

 Turks in the first ten years of the present century ; and several of these 

 are known to be tho productions of a blind bard named Philip, who, 

 on one occasion, was presented with a white horse by a Servian chief, 

 in reward for a poem in which he ha-1 sung one of his battles. Kara- 

 jich, who had learned many of the poems by heart when a boy, and 

 committed others to writing when hearing them recite 1 by wandering 

 minstrels at the court of Kara-Georgo, travelled to Montenegro and 

 Bosnia in his quest, and found that even the Bosnian renegades, who 

 are noted as the most ferocious Mohammedans of Western Turkey, could 



He had greater difficulty in 



collecting the numerous love-songs of tho Servian women, which they 

 generally refused to recite, if they knew he intended to write them 

 down, and which he therefore persuaded them to go over two or three 

 times, till he had committed them to memory sufficiently well to peu 

 them during their absence. Hie collection of Servian popular poetry 

 was first issued at Vienna in 1814-15, in two volumes; a second edition 

 in four volumes appeared at Leipzig and Vienna between 1823 and 

 1833; and a third, moro extended than either of the preceding, at 

 Vienna in 1841-46. The work has never been entirely rendered in any 

 foreign language, but large selections were translated into German, and 

 published under the assumed name of Talvj, by Therese von Jacobs 

 (now Sir*. Robinson, wife of Professor Robinson of Andover, in the 

 United States) ; by Gerhard, by Kapper, and others ; and Bowring 

 issued in 1827 his small but valuable volume, entitled ' Servian 1' 

 Poetry,' containing translations of about a fifteenth part of tho collec- 



