639 



KAUNITZ, PRINCE OF. 



KAZINCZY, FERENCZ. 



690 





in which he has given full play to his imagination. As a representative 

 of the symbolic treatment of history that union of the ideal with 

 the real, which the great German masters have so enthusiastically 

 inculcated as opposed to the strictly realistic manner adopted almost 

 exclusively by English artists, it may be worth while to give a very 

 brief description of this work. The destruction of Jerusalem is 

 shown by a representation of Titus planting the Roman eagle on the 

 high altar, whilst above are seen the five prophets who foretold the 

 final fall of the Temple and dispersion of the Jews. Recognising the 

 accomplishment of the prophecies, the priests are killing themselves 

 in their despair, and the Jewish women are lamenting the pollution oi 

 the house of the Lord and the calamities which have fallen upon their 

 race. On the other hand, the future triumph of Christianity is shown 

 by the intervention of angels, who are seen conducting the Christians 

 in safety out of the doomed city. These are however only the promi- 

 nent points of the picture : this idealistic treatment a manner of 

 regarding an historic event which compels the spectator to lay aside 

 what has been a good deal spoken of lately as " the common-sense 

 way of looking at a picture," if he would at all enter into the artist's 

 conception of the work is carried out in every part of the compo- 

 sition, and by no means neglected in its colouring, In addition to his 

 fresco and oil-paintings, Kaulbach has made numerous designs for the 

 engraver. Of these, the most remarkable is the well-known series 

 illustrating in so striking a manner Gbthe's ' Reineke Fuchs.' Kaul- 

 bach has of late years a good deal devoted himself to portrait 

 painting. 



KAUNITZ. WENCESLAS, PRINCE OF, an Austrian statesman, 

 was born at Vienna in 1710. Being one of nineteen children, he was 

 educated for the Church ; but the deaths of his elder brothers occa- 

 sioned a change in his vocation, and he became chamberlain in the 

 palace of the Emperor Charles VI. His talents, which were enhanced 

 by an agreeable person and calm reflective habits, soon marked him 

 out as fitted for the career of diplomacy. He was made a minister of 

 state in 1744 for the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. Being sent 

 to the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, he signed the treaty of 

 peace in the name of Austria, for which the Empress Maria Theresa 

 honoured him with the order of the Golden Fleece. His next mis-ion 

 was to France, where he waa sent aa ambassador in 1750. He con- 

 tinued at the court of Louis XV. until 1753, and obtained so much 

 influence over the mind of that monarch by the assiduities he paid to 

 the favourite, Madame de Pompadour, that he baffled the manoeuvres 

 of the Prussian envoy in the same quarter, and founded an alliance 

 between France and Austria. When he returned home he was made 

 chancellor of state, the empress feeling that no proofs of confidence 

 were too great for a minister who had so skilfully disabled her most 

 powerful enemy by depriving Prussia of the lly on whom she chie8y 

 relied. Nor was the resentment of Frederick 1 1. less decided ; his 

 hatred of Kaunitz was strongly expressed even in hia ' Memoirs.' After 

 concluding the treaty of alliance between France and Austria in 1756, 

 Kaunitz received his title as prince of the German empire in 1764, and 

 accompanied Joseph II. in 1770 when he had an interview at Neustadt 

 with the King of Prussia. But though a successful diplomatist, 

 Kaunitz has been reproached with having instigated the government 

 of Joseph II. to introduce very serious innovations in the ecclesiastical 

 regime of his dominions. 



In private life, Kaunitz'a taciturnity was often felt and interpreted 

 aa disdain towards bis associates in office ; but he had great personal 

 qualities never lending himself to the envy of other men, or to bis 

 own desires of vindictiveness. Prince Kaunitz waa acquainted with 

 the Latin, French, Italian, and English languages, as well as with the 

 German ; he founded several academies and schools of art, and was a 

 patron of literary men and artists, with whom he lived on terms of 

 equality. Hia probity and honour were unimpeached. He was the 

 faithful servant of four Austrian sovereigns, Maria Theresa, Joseph II., 

 Leopold II., and Francis II. ; and no minister at that court ever 

 enjoyed greater or more enduring credit. He died of a neglected cold, 

 June 24, 1794. 



KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS, was born 

 July 20th 1804 ; and having received hia early education at Scotch and 

 foreign universities, he took his degree of Doctor of Laws. He entered 

 the public service at an early age, and when the committee of the 

 Privy Council on Education was nominated, Dr. Kay was appointed 

 secretary to that body. In this capacity he laboured for'many years 

 to carry out the principle of admitting the lay as well as the clerical 

 element to a share in the management of parochial schools, in oppo- 

 sition to the claims of exclusive clerical control put forth by Archdeacon 

 Deniaon and the High Church party, who raised an agitation of several 

 years' duration against the imposition of the ' management clauses,' 

 as they were termed. These clauses were first rendered compulsory 

 on all schools whose managers petitioned for the assistance of govern- 

 ment grant* in 1847, and the terms upon which that assistance is 

 given to all religious denominations are now such as are generally 

 acquiesced in by all. It would be useless and profitless to detail here 

 the successive stages of a controversy which was protracted over 

 several years ; it is enough to state that, having carried the controversy 

 to a victorious issue, Dr. Kay was rewarded with a baronetcy on his 

 retirement from his official position as secretary of the Committee of 

 the Privy Council for Education in 1850. In 1842 he married Janet, 



BIOO. HIV. VOL. III. 



only daughter and heiress of the late Robert Shuttleworth, Esq., of 

 Gawthorpe Hall, Lancashire, and representative of the ancient family 

 of Shuttleworth, whose name he then assumed by royal licence. 

 Although retired from official services, Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth 

 has continued to take an active interest in all educational movements ; 

 and his name is usually found in the lists of those who promote and 

 take part in public meetings for the extension of education, the 

 establishment of libraries, <fcc., especially ia the north of England. 



KAZINCZY, FERENCZ, or FRANCIS, the most active and suc- 

 cessful contributor to the restoration of Hungarian literature and the 

 Hungarian language, waa born on the 27th of October 1759, at Kr- 

 Semlyen, in the county of Bihar. For the first ten years of his life 

 he resided with his parents, who were Protestant and noble, at Lower 

 Regmecz, where he heard no language spoken but the Hungarian. 

 Before the age of ten his propensity for authorship had developed 

 itself in a singular manner. His father, though not yet forty, was in 

 the habit of telling long stories after dinner, which the rest of the 

 company found rather tedious, but which so struck the imagination 

 of the boy that he secretly committed them to writing. His tutor 

 discovered the manuscripts, and showed them to the father as a sad 

 proof of the way in which the boy was wasting hia time ; the elder 

 Kazinczy looked over them with complacency, and returned them 

 with the remark, " My son will be a great author," a prophecy which 

 turned out true. At that time the nobles of Hungary placed all 

 their hopes of distinction in the field of sport or the field of battle, 

 while the nobles of Transylvania were noted for a fondness for seeing 

 their names on the title-page of a book either as authors or dedicatees. 

 The elder Kazinczy, full of the future fame of hia sou, was smitten 

 with the Trausylvanian mania, and anxious to see him in print ; aud 

 before he was fifteen, Ferencz, nothing loth, had a work in the press 

 of translations from the German of Gellert, some of whose works had 

 fallen into his hands by accident ; though German literature was at 

 that time so little known in Hungary that even the names of Wielaud 

 and Klopstock had not penetrated through the barrier of ignorance 

 that guarded the frontier. Before the volume was completed, young 

 Kazinczy had the misfortune to loae his father, who died in 177J, but 

 his mother was no less anxious for its appearance, and under her 

 auspices he waa an author before he was sixteen. Long previous to 

 this time, at the age of ten, he had been sent with two of his brothers 

 to the high school of Patak, which ho did not leave till 1779, when he 

 was twenty. The school of Patak waa conducted at that period in a 

 very eccentric manner one of the professors who lectured on uni- 

 versal history took eighteen years to make his way to the end of the 

 third century, much of course to the edification of hia pupils. When 

 Kazinczy left it he waa provided with a good knowledge of the classics, 

 to which he added an acquaintance with French aud German, which 

 he had acquired elsewhere. He went to Caschau to study law, but 

 the profession of advocate did not please him, and he was fortunate 

 enough to receive from one friend, Count Loriucz Crczy, the post of 

 official notary to one of the counties, and by the recommendation of 

 another, Count Lajos Torbk, that of inspector of schools, a position 

 which exactly answered his wishes. 



The ten years of the reign of Joseph II., from 1780 to 1790, wore a 

 period of singular changes iu Hungary, as well aa in the rest of his 

 dominions. In 1784 the emperor issued hia decree for the introduc- 

 tion of German aa the official language of the country in placu of 

 Latin, a decree which had a strong influence in promoting what it 

 was intended to crush. Among the cultivators of the language which 

 the sovereign aimed at extirpating, Kazinczy waa perhaps the most 

 enthusiastic, aud ho was ever remarked for the singular beauty of his 

 style and the tact with which he enlarged the domain of the language. 

 The Hungarian ia very distinct in its origin and in much of its 

 formation from the other cultivated languages of Europe; it does 

 not belong to the Indo-European family, which embraces such varying 

 idioms as Greek and English, Spanish and Russian, but to a family 

 which has been sometimes called the Tartarian, the Turanian, and the 

 Sethitic, and which comprises, along with the Hungarian, the Turkish, 

 the Finnish, the Mongol and Mauchoo Tartar, and various others. 

 With these however it bears very little affinity in its vocabulary, 

 though much in ita grammar. From long disuse as a language of 

 composition for anything but books of devotion, it was at the time 

 that Kazinezy began to cultivate it destitute of many of the terms 

 most neceasary to express the common ideas of the 18th century. 

 To display and extend ita powera, he set himself to translate into it 

 some of the leading masterpiecea of the French and German drama, 

 and also of the English, but as seen through a German medium, for 

 his ' Hamlet ' was taken not from Shakspere but from Schroeder, 

 which is Hamlet with the poetry omitted. To these he added 

 Marmontel's Tales and Ossian's Poems. His friends urged him to 

 original composition, but he replied that he would rather be a good 

 translator than a bad original, aud with the object that he had in 

 view, that of refining and expanding the language, it ia probable that 

 his course was a right one. To those who objected to hia numerous 

 new words and phrases, and complained that the public would not 

 understand him, he replied in the words of Klopstock to Basedow on, 

 a similar occasion, " Let them learn to understand me." It has been 

 remarked by Mr. Watts of the British Museum, in a paper on the 

 modern Hungarian, read before tLe London Philological Society, that 



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