r.i 



KOLLAR, JAN. 



KOIUY, ADEIMANT08. 



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gnished friend* and follower! of Kazinexy : but ha was nerer a lover 

 of society, and then wat a peculiar gloom and melancholy about him 

 a* a young man. A satirical poem and some iharp critiques which ha 

 ineerUd in 1817 in the ' Tudomrfnyos Qyujtemdny ' drew on him aome 

 odium, and for a time ho withdrew from periodical writing ; but at 

 the persuasion of hia friend Ssemere he united with him in 1826 in 

 the publication of a periodical of their own, under the title of ' EM 

 oa Lateratura' ('Life and Literature'). His critical essays in this 

 publication are considered the best of the kind that Hungary has yet 

 produced. 



His reputation stood high, but was purely literary till 1829, when 

 be began to attract attention by the share he took in county 

 business at Siatmar, where be held the office of upper notary, and in 

 1832 he was sent to the Hungarian diet as deputy of the county of 

 Siatmar. In a short time bis political reputation surpassed his 

 literary, and he was for the remainder of his life the acknowledged 

 first orator of Hungary, Kossuth not having then developed his extra- 

 ordinary talents. His success as an orator was the more remarkable 

 that his personal advantages were small, and he had in his youth lost 

 the sight of one eye. The line he took was that of extreme liberalism, 

 supported with conscientious sternness. When his constituents sent 

 him instructions of an illiberal character with regard to the question of 

 the redemption of the oppressive land-tax, he threw up his commission, 

 but was afterwards persuaded to resume it. He was the most 

 intimate friend of Baron Nicholas Wesselenyi, the leader of the 

 opposition, and when in 1838 Wessenlenyi and Kossuth were thrown 

 into prison by the court, he conducted Wesselenyi's defence, which 

 was a brilliant specimen of bis talents, though it failed of success. 

 On the 24th of August 1838, only eight days after he had finished the 

 defence, he suddenly died, and it is said in the ' Ujabbkori Ismeretek 

 Tars,' of fifteen years later, that Hungary had not yet ceased to 

 mourn him. 



A collection of his works, ' Kolcsey Hinden Munkai," waa published 

 after his death in five volumes by Eotvos, Szalay, aud Szemere, and 

 an account of bis life has appeared by bis friend Kallay. His diary of 

 the diet of 1832-36, was published at Pesth during the year of revo- 

 lution 1848, and is a valuable document for Hungarian history. Of 

 his works the first volume contains his poems, the second hia tales, 

 the third bis critical, the fourth his philosophical, and the fifth his 

 miscellaneous writings. He is a pleasing poet, and a very pleasing 

 and spirited prose-writer ; his tales, which originally appeared in aouie 

 of the Hungarian annuals, beiug excellent specimens of a lucid and 

 animated style. 



KOLLAK, JAN, a poet and preacher, the originator of the idea 

 of Panslavism, was born on the 29th of July 1793, according to Jung- 

 manu's 'History of Bohemian Literature,' at Moschowze, in the county 

 of Trentschin in Hungary, being by birth a Slovak, or one of the 

 Slavonic race of northern Hungary, who epeak a language akin to that 

 of their neighbours the Bohemians. After studying at i'resburg and 

 Jena, he became in 1819 pastor of a Slovakian evangelical congregation 

 at Pesth. In 1S23 and 1827 he issued in two volume.', under the title 

 of ' Narodnie Zpiewanky,' or ' National Songs,' an interesting collection 

 of the popular poetry of the Slovaks, which reached a second edition, 

 with additions, in 1834 and 1835. Unlike some other Slovakian authors 

 however, he was far from exhibiting a narrow and exclusive attachment 

 to his native dialect. Considering the Slovakian as too circumscribed 

 in its range to be equal to the dignity of literary composition, he took 

 for the language of his writings the Bohemian, though it was at the 

 time rejected for German in Bohemia itself by several of the native 

 authors. In 1821 he published at Prague a volume of Bohemian 

 sonnets, under the title of ' Basne' (' Poems ') ; and in 1824 at Buda a 

 new edition, under the title of 'Slawy Dcera' ('The Daughter ol 

 Glory'). The copy of the second edition, in the British Museum, 

 formerly belonged to Bowring, to whom it was presented by Safarik, 

 and who has written in it, " This is a very remarkable book, and how 

 its true and fiery spirit should have burst this Austrian censorship is 

 altogether unintelligible to J. B." The leading idea of the poems is 

 that of the common bond of union between all the Slavonic nations, 

 and the work was in consequence not looked upon with favour by the 

 Hungarians, who wore anxious to see their Magyar language extended 

 over the whole of Hungary, and observed with apprehension that the 

 Slavonians to the north of the kingdom, and the Slavonians to the 

 south, were beginning to become conscious of their relationship 

 Kollar proceeded more and more to develop his idea in his ' Slawa 

 Bohynie ' (' The Goddess Slava or Glory '), a collection of philologica 

 and mythological essays, and in a work in German, on the connection 

 between the Slavonic races and dialects, 'Ueber die literUri^che 

 Wechselseitigkcit zwischen den Stammen und Mundarten der slawis 

 chen Nation (Pestb, 1831). In this publication the wish for a genera 

 combination of the Slavonic races is more openly expressed than in 

 any previous one. The same idea pervades the ' OstopU' (Pesth 

 1843), a record of a journey to Upper Italy, the Tyrol, and Bavaria, 

 made by Kollar in 1841, chiefly for the purpose of discovering traces 

 of Slavonic antiquity. 



Among his other productions is a volume of sermons, ' Kazne 

 (Pesth, 1831), which were found so eloquent that they were translate* 

 into several languages. Kollar was obliged to leave Pesth by the 

 revolution of 1848, and must in the same year have seen many of his 



iopee destroyed by the breaking up of the Slavonic Congress at Prague 

 iy the cannon of Windischgriitz. In the next year he was, probably 

 iy way of compensation, named professor of archaeology at the Uni- 

 versity of Vienna. In 1861 he made a journey to Mecklenburg, to 

 itudy the remains of the Obotritea, and on his return to Vienna was 

 nirprised by death on the 29th of January 18S2, when he was pre- 

 >aring for the press a German work, ' Das slawische Altitalien,' 

 ntended to prove that the ancient inhabitants of Italy spoke a 

 Slavonic language. 



The work of Kollar which is chiefly admired by his admirers is bis 

 Slawy Dcera,' which in its latest shape, as it appear* in his ' Dila 

 Josnicka '(' Poetical Works') published at Buda in 1845, is called a 

 ' 1) rico-epic poem," in five cantos, and extends to 622 sonnets, having 

 ittle connection except the common idea of ' Panslavism ' which per- 

 vades them. Whatever the merit of some of the earlier portions, 

 there can be no doubt that some of the later additions are scarcely 

 calculated to awaken respect for the writer, in particular some coarse 

 attacks on Mr. Paget and Miss Pardoe, apparently dictated by a feeling 

 of resentment at their having spoken well of the Hungarians. The 

 >rose works of Kollar contain some valuable information, which it 

 jowever disfigured by an occasional outbreak of the same spirit of mere 

 Slavonic nationality. Several of Kollar' s sonnets are translated in 

 Sir John Bowling's work on the Bohemian poets. 



* KO LLIKER, ALBERT, a distinguished living physiologist, more 

 especially known for his researches with the microscope. He was 

 ><>rn in Germany, and is at present professor of anatomy and physiology 

 in the university of Wurzberg. Kolliker is one of the younger phy- 

 siologists who has commenced his career since the more extended use 

 of the microscope, and he has distinguished himself by the masterly 

 manner in which he has applied this instrument to the unravelling the 

 intricate textures of the human and animal body. One of his earliest 

 papers appeared in Valentine's ' Repertorium" for 1841, on the repro- 

 ductive organs and fluid of invertebrate animals. In 1842 he pub- 

 lished a thesis on the origin of the ovum in insects, and a comparison 

 between the development of this organ in the articulate animals and 

 the Vertdiraia. In 1844 he published at Zurich a paper on the 

 development of the Cephalopoda, and in 1846 a paper on the contractile 

 cells of the embryo of Planaria. These and other labours on the minute 

 structure of animals prepared him for a greater work on the Microscopic 

 Anatomy, or Histology of the Human Body. The first volume of 

 this work was published in two parts in 1850 and 1852, and consisted 

 of a detailed account of his own and others' investigation of the tissues 

 of the human body. This work was however too extensive for the 

 use of the medical student, and in 1852 he published a complete work 

 entitled 'Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen,' in one volume 

 with 343 woodcuts. This work waa translated into the English lan- 

 guage by Messrs. Busk and Huxley, and published in two volumes by 

 the Sydenham Society. It contained a large amount of original 

 investigation, and has deservedly placed Professor Kolliker at the head 

 of the modern school of histologUts. Since the publication of this 

 work he has published many papers on the minute structure of the 

 lower animals. He has been several times in England, and was present 

 at the meeting of the British Association held in Glasgow in the year 

 1855. 



KORAY, ADEIMANTOS, born at Smyrna in 1748, of a family 

 from Chios, studied first at Smyrna, and afterwards t Moutpellier, 

 where he took his degree as Doctor of Medicine, and settled in Franco. 

 He wrote several works on medicine, and published French translations 

 of the treatise of Hippocrates ' On Air, Water, and Situation," with 

 copious notes, and of the 'Characters' of Theophrastua. In 1801 he 

 translated into modern Greek Beccaria's treatise ' On Crimes and 

 Punishments,' which he dedicated to the newly-constituted republic of 

 the Ionian Islands. He afterwards wrote in French a memoir, ' De 

 1'Etat Actuel de la Civilization en Greoe," 1803, which, being trans- 

 lated into modern Greek, answered the double purpose of making the 

 people of Western Europe acquainted with the moral and intellectual 

 condition of his countrymen, and of making the Greeks acqu 

 with it themselves. Koray also undertook to edit a series of ancient 

 Greek writers, under the title of the ' Hellenic Library.' He began 

 with the ' Orations of Isocrates,' 2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1807, which he 

 accompanied with interesting prolegomena and explanatory notes. Ho 

 afterwards edited in succession the ' Lives of Plutarch," the ' Histories 

 of /Klian," the fragments of Heraclides and of Nicolaus Uanioscemis, 

 the fables of JEaop, Strabo, the first four books of the ' Iliad,' and 

 the ' Politic ' of Aristotle. The reputation of Koray attracted many 

 young Greeks to him, who profited by his conversation aud instruction. 

 Although long absent from his native country, he felt to the last the 

 moat lively interest in her fate. He foresaw that a struggle was 

 approaching, and he wished the minds of the Greeks to be prepared 

 for it. He encouraged particularly the diffusion of education, the 

 formation of new schools in Greece, and he furnished directions for 

 the method and course of studies. He also contributed to fix the 

 rules and orthography of the modern Greek, in which he took a 

 middle path between the system of Neophytua Doukas, which Koray 

 stigmatised with the name of ' macaronic,' and that of Christopoulos, 

 which affected to write the modern Greek exactly as it is spoken. 

 Koray wished to purify the language by discarding the numerous 

 ItaUanisms, Gallicisms, and Germanisms which had been introduced 



