KUOLER, FRANZ THEODOR. 



KUYP, ALBERT. 



rsa 



WM induord to try hi* fortune at St Petersburg, whither he wi 

 foll.iw. d bv hit brother Carl : thev both met with great succean, and 

 n.an ied two litter*, of a nolile family of Curland ; but Gerhard, after 

 a few 7' are, rrnmved in 1-0 1 to Dieeilen ; Carl remained at St Peters- 

 buiv, when- lie wa appointed court painter. Gerhard bad Mtabliibed 

 himself anil obtaine < a high reputation at Dresden, where he heM the 

 appointmrnt of professor of painting at the Academy, when bia career 

 wae suddenly cut off in a most melancholy manner. He wn brutally 

 robbed and muidered on the road from PillniU to Dresden, not far from 

 the capital, in 1 820. It wai a common highway robbery ; the mlurabln 

 wretch v>ho committed the deed was not in the least aware of who his 

 victim wan. He wai a private soldier, and hi* singular cupidity was 

 the canae of his detection. He even drew off the boot* of Kiigelgen, 

 ad bia afterwards taking theta boots to be mended to the very man 

 who kad made them and who knew them, is paid to hare been the 

 caose of his detection. Oerhsrd KUgelgen'a works are of a very 

 unpretending character ; in most of them an abstract religious senti- 

 ment is the chief and characteristic motive ; in execution they are 

 careful, delicate, and somewhat formal, yet pleasing and impressive. 

 He delighted in compositions of one or at most very few figures, often 

 three-quarter Irngtbs of the site of life. His biography, by F. Basse, 

 was published at Leipzig in 1824. 



Cnrl KUgelgen painted many landscape*, and executed many draw- 

 ings of the scenery of Russia, both in the northern and southern pro- 

 vinces. He made two journeys in the Crimea for tbe express purpose 

 of painting its scenery ; the first journey was made in 1804 by desire 

 of the emperor Paul, the second l>y that of the emperor Alexander in 

 1806. Tliiity oil-paintings and sixty sepia drawings, part of the fruits 

 of the second journey, were purchased by the emperor, and placed 

 togtthrr in a hall in Kammoi Ostrof. In 1818 Alexander sent KUgel- 

 gen for a similar purpose into Finnland, of which country ho painted 

 fifty-five pictures, which also wi re purchased by the emperor. Kiigel- 

 gen executed in all 171 pictures and 290 fiui.-hed drawings. He died 

 at Keval in 1832. His Life is in the ' Neuer Nekrolog der Deutschen,' 

 x. 1. 



KUGLER, FRANZ THEODOR, Professor of the History of Art 

 in the Royal Academy, Berlin, was born on tbe 9th of January 1808 

 at Stettin in Pomerauia. On the completion of his collegiate studies 

 Herr Kugler especially devoted bis attention to the early history of 

 painting and architecture, for which purpose he made a prolonged 

 stay at Heidelberg, and subsequently visited Italy. Poetry and music 

 aleo occupied much of bin attention, and be in 1830 gave evidence of 

 hit attainments in these arts by the publication of his ' Sketch Book,' 

 in which ho included original compositions in poetry, music, and 

 linear design ; he also in 1833 public-bed with Rrinick an artists' song- 

 book. But the more important as well ns the most numerous of his 

 writings about this time, were those on the history of art during the 

 middle ages; though the arts of ancient Greece and Rome (and par- 

 ticularly the subject of polychromy, on which he published ' Ueber 

 die Polychromie der Griechischen Archttectur und Sculptur und ihre 

 Grenzen,' 4to, Berlin, 1835) also engaged his pen. His great work, 

 tbe ' Handbuch der Geschichte der Malerei' (Handbook of the History 

 of Painting from the Age of Constantino to the Present Time ) 

 appeared in 2 vols. in 1837. It was received with great approbation 

 by bin learned countrymen and by students of art generally, and was 

 quickly translated into the leading languages of Europe. In England 

 the translation appeared in parts, the ' Schools of Painting in Italy, 

 translated by a lady (Lady Eastlake), with Notes by Sir Charles East- 

 lake,' in 1842 ; and subsequently, the ' German, Flemish, and Dutch 

 Schools of Painting,' and the ' Spanish and French School." of Painting,' 

 under the editorship of Sir Edmund Head. A second edition of the 

 ' Handbuch ' was issued in 1850, in which, with the assistance of 

 Dr. J. Bunkhardt, the work was to a great extent remodelled, and a 

 large amount of new materials embodied ; and from this reviai d work 

 a new edition of Sir Charles Eastlake's version of the ' Italian Schools ' 

 was published in 2 vol. 8vo, with additional notes and upward i of a 

 hundred outlines from the old masters, by Mr. G. Scharf, thus render- 

 ing the English translation of this portion of the work of even more 

 value than the original. Of Dr. Kugler's other work', which aro 

 lon.ewhat numerous, may be named his ' Geschichte Friedrichs des 

 GroM> n : Gezeichuit von A. Menzel ' (8vo, Leipz., 1840), translated into 

 Engluh by A. Moriartt, under tbe title of ' History of Frederic the 

 Great' (Lond. 1844); ' B. schreibung der Kunst-Schatze von Berlin 

 and Potsdam' (1840) ('Description of the Art-treasures in Berlin unit 

 PoUdaui '), a work of much more labour and research than its title 

 would indicate ; ' Karl Friedrich Schii.kel : eine Cbarnkteristik seiner 

 Kunstlerischen Wirksamkeit' ('Schinkel : the influence of his Theories 

 of Art'), 1842; 'Handbuch der Kuntgeschichte ' (Stuttg. 1842), a 

 distinct work from the ' Handbuch der Ueschichte der Malerei.' Both 

 these works appeared at bttittgardt in 1S48, where also was published 

 (1845-5 ') a loli< . at Us of platra to illustrate bis histories of art. For 

 more than twenty yean Dr. Kugler hm lectured in the University of 

 Frrderu k William, ns well as in the Royal Academy of Berlin. 



KI'I'KTX.KV, JOHANN, a celebrated portrait painter, was born 

 at Bosing, or Bozin, near Presbnrg in Hungary, in 1666 or 1667. His 

 father, originally of a Bohemian family, was a poor weaver, and he 

 intended his ton to follow hw own lincinvs* ; Kupetzky however Bed 

 from home when only fifteen yean of age, begged his way to Swituer- 



'and, and there, at Lucerne, obtained admission into the house of a 

 painter of the name of Klann, who instructed him in painting, and 

 was soon surpassed by his pupil Kupetzky, after a time, found his 

 way to Rome, where ho underwent many hardships until he was 

 relieved and introduced by his friend J. C. Fii-sli to tbe principal 

 painters and virtun-i at Rome. Alexnndi r Sobio-ky became a valuable 

 p.itrnn to him. After a stay of twenty-two ye.irs in Iialy he was 

 invited by tbe Prince Adam TOU Lichtenstein to Vienna, where he soon 

 obtained the reputation of the first portrait painter of his time. He 

 numbered among his patrons and admirers the emperors Joseph I. and 

 Charles VI., and the Prince Eugene; and in 1716 he was invited by 

 Peter the Great to Carlsbad. Peter wished Kupetzky to enter his 

 service and to return with him to Petersburg, but Kupetzky was food 

 of his liberty, and would never enter the service of any prince. The 

 Czar Peter gave him many commi'sions notwithstanding his refusal 

 to enter his service. Kupetzky, who belonged to the sect called the 

 Bohemian Brothers, requested of the emperor of Austria that he might 

 be allowed to worship God in bin own way. This liberty however very 

 nearly involved him in serious difficulties, as he was accused, or threat- 

 ened to be accused, by some of his rivals, of malignant heresy. Fear 

 of the Inquisition appears to have taken possession of him, and lie 

 secretly left Vienna and settled in Nurnberg, where he died in 1740. 

 Kupetzky painted history and portrait, but chiefly portrait. His pic- 

 tures have a great deal of character and much effect : his friend and 

 admirer FUssli goes so far as to say they combine the vigour of Rubens, 

 the truth and elegance of Vandyck, and the effect of Rembrandt. 

 Many of his portraits and some of his pictures have been em 

 especially by Bernhard Vogel, in mezzotint. The prints engraved by 

 Vouel were added to by V. D. Preinsler and published in a col 

 in folio at Niirnberu in 1745, under the following title: 'Joanui* 

 Kupetzky, iucomparabilis artiflcis, Imagines et Picture) quotquot earum 

 haberi potuerunt, antea ad quinque dodecades arte quam vocant nigra 

 rcri incisx, a Bernhardo Vogelio, jam vero similiter continuatto opera 

 et sumptibus Valentini Danielis Preissleri, Chaleograpbi.' Kupetzky 'i 

 portrait of himself, in spectacles, a work of remarkable merit, has 

 been copied by L. do Laborde, from Vogel's print, and U inserted as a 

 specimen in his history of mezzotint engraving' Histoire d-i la Gravure 

 en Maniere Noire.' J. C. Fussli published a life of Kupetzky, with one 

 of Rngendas, at Zurich, in 1758. 



KUSTER, LUDOLF, was born in 1670, at Blomberg in Westphalia. 

 He studied at Berlin, and afterwards visited various parts of Europe, 

 where he became connected with tbe principal scholars of his age. 

 In 1696 he published a critical dissertation on the history of Homer 

 and his works, ' Historia Critioa Homeri,' which F. A. Wolff reprinted 

 in the first volume of his edition of Hotner, 1785. Kuster went after- 

 wards to Utrecht, where he remained some years, and contributed 

 several papers to the 'Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum' of 

 Gncvius, and to the ' Thesaurus Antiquitatum QrsBcarum ' of James 

 Grouovius. While at Utrecht he also published a literary journal in 

 Latin, ' Bibliotheca Librorum Novorum, colleota a L. Neocoro, ab 

 Aprili, anno 1697, ad Decembrem, 1699.' Neocorua is the Latinised 

 form of his name, which Kuster assumed in his works according to 

 the fashion of tbe times. In the year 1700 he repaired to England, 

 where he undertook to edit a new edition of Suirias, which was 

 published at Cambridge, 3 vols. folio, 1705. In 1707 he published at 

 Amsterdam the ' Life of I'ythagorHS,' by Iambi ichus; and in 1710 he 

 produced an edition of Aristophanes, with the Scholia. James Grono- 

 vius having criticis-d with his customary bitterness and ill temper 

 Knitter's ' Suidas,' Kuster replied to him in his ' Diatribe Auti-Grono- 

 viana, in qua editio SuidcD det'enditur, itouuiue baud paucn loca Hesychii 

 emendantur, et denique quid fuerit JB> yrave apud veteres Rornanos 

 explicatur. Accedit Diatribe de verbo cerno,' Amsterdam, 1712. In 

 this last dissertation on the verb ' cerno,' Kustcr gave a specimen of 

 a series of observations on the Latin language, about which he had 

 been busy for year*, but which he If ft incomplete at his death. This 

 dissertation also led him into a controversy with Perizonius. About 

 1713 Kuster, being th.-n at Paris, obtained from Louis XIV., through 

 the friendship of L'Abb4 Bignon, a peni-ion of 2000 livres, and was 

 made a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. He died at Paris 

 in 1716. His notes on He-ycliius, which he left in manuscript, were 

 inserted by J. Albert! in his edition of Hesychiua, 2 vols. folio, 1746. 

 Kuster was one of the best scholars of his time. 

 - KUYP, or CUYP, ALBERT, was the son and disciple of Jacob 

 Gerutze Kuyp, an eminent landscape painter of Dort, and a pupil of 

 Abraham Blot-mart. Jacob's works, chiefly views from iiaturu in the 

 environs of Dort, were highly and ju.-tly valued, and his memory was 

 held in esteem at Dort for having founded, in 16)2, the Academy of 

 Painting of St Luke in that town, in conjunction with J. van Hasselt, 

 Corn. Tt-gelberg, and J. Grief. His sou Albert was born at Dort in 

 1606. Though bis father's disciple, his manner is very different, and 

 he embraced a greater variety of subjects. " The pictures of this 

 master," says that excellent critic Dr. Waagen, "are the most splendid 

 proofs that th" charm of a work of art lies far more in a profound and 

 pure feeling of nature, in the knowledge and masterly use of the means 

 of representation which art supplies, than iu the subject itself; for 

 otherwise how would it be possible from such monotonous natural 

 scenery as Holland affords, where the extensive greeu levels are broken 

 only by single trees and ordinary houses, and intersected by canals, to 



