LANKK8TER, KDWIN, M.U 



LANNES. JEAN. 



706 



:. .... 



oVfMTtara. 

 School at I 



~~r- .r -~uw uaving taken part in his musical parties. Now 

 s* th Lanwre who forms the subject of thi* notice would have been 

 Ueu nmrtv-eignt yran old be could hardly be the person referred to. 

 Lord Bnybroxke, in a note to Pepy. (under the above date), says tha 

 the letters patent under which the Society of Musicians were inoor 

 poratrd at the Restoration, mentions Nicolas Lsniore ss first "'imhn 

 and four othera of hi. name as warden or assistant* of tha company, 

 and thi. was most likely the Nicolas Laniere who composed the notes 

 to Pierce, hymn. Vandyck painted Laniere. portrait during his fir. 

 to England, and it was this picture which induced Cliarle* L to 

 * Sir Kenrlm Digby to invite Vandyck back again after hi* 

 jra, There ii a portrait of Lanirre by himself in the Music 

 _J at Oxford, with palette and brushes in his hands, and som, 

 Basic-note, on a piece of paper. 



LANKESTER, EDWIN. M.D., dirtinguUhed a. n writer and 



turer, chiefly on subject, of natural science, was born at Milton 



near Woodbndge, Suffolk, in 1 81 4. He was educated at Woodbrirtg* 



was apprenticed there to a surgeon, aud afterwards studied at Uni 



rersity Collece, London, from 1834 to 1837, hsving the advantage o 



pursuing botany under Profeor Lindley, and comparative anatomy 



under Professor Grant. Having become a member of the College of 



Surgeon, aud of the Apothecaries' Society, he visited the Continent, 



and graduated at Heidelberg. In 1841 he was ohosen a Licentiate of 



Physicians. Before this period Dr. Lankester was 



m *. writer on subject* of medicine and natural history ; and 



he has since contributed many valuable papers to various scientific 



nrnals. He was a writer on botanical subjects in 'The Penny 



Cyclojwdia ; and by him, as editor of the Division of Natural History 



The English Cyclopaedia,' the various articles of 'The Penny Cyclo- 



were brought into a more systematic shape, and the most 



t information communicated in very large additions to the 



original work. Dr. Lankester is a Fellow of the Royal Society and of 



the Lumwui Society Secretary to the Ray Society, and Professor of 



Natural History at New College, London. 



LANNES, JEAN, Duke of Montobello and Marshal of France, was 

 born at Lectoure in Ouienne, on the llth of April 1769. He was born 

 humble parents, and was at first brought up to the trade of a 

 dyer, which he quitted in 1792 to join a battalion of volunteers raised 

 in the department of Gers, of which he soon became serjeant-major. 

 His first campaign was with the army employed on the frontiers of 

 s Pyrenees, where his resolute character and soldier-like deport- 

 Jbtained him a great ascendancy over his comrades. His mili- 

 tary talent* were soon discovered and appreciated, and by the 

 suflrages of the army be rose so rapidly in command, that at the close 

 of the year 1 , 93 he had attained the rank of chef de brigade,' which 

 learly correspond, to that of major among the English troops. After 

 the political crisis of the 9th Thermidor (July 27th) 1794, hVpartook 

 the disgrace of the Generals Bonaparte and Manama on account of 

 beir connection with the younger Robespierre; he then retired to 

 = - m be formed an acquaintance with those two distinguished 

 commanders, whose future glories he was destined to share. His calm 

 d daring charact r especially attracted the notice of Bonaparte, 

 who employed him m the affair of the Sections [BOSAPARTK], and 

 bo afterwards with him joined the army of Italy. After the victories 

 Montenotte and Millesimo, April 26th 1796, where he greatly 

 distinguished himself, Lannes was mode colonel of the thirty second 

 brigade. Among his many daring exploits in this celebrated 

 campaign, at the crossing of the river Po he was tho first with a few 

 grenadiers to arrive at the opposite bank ; and likewise, on the bridge 

 f Lodi, he was foremost in effecting the perilous passage. In 1797 

 he became general of brigade, in which capacity he served with dis- 

 tinction till the signing of the treaty of Campo Formio. He after- 

 u-ds formed part of the expedition to Egypt, where he rose to the 

 a general of division, and maintained his high reputation. 

 e greatly contnbuted to the victory gained by the French at 

 Aboukir, ud was dangerously wounded at the siege of Acre. 



"hen Bonaparte determined upon leaving Egypt, Lannes wa one 

 of the generals chosen to accompany him to France [BONAPARTE 

 tBraj, where he rendered him material assistance in the revolu- 

 8th Brumaire (November 9th) 1799, and a. a recompense 

 service, on that occawon he was named commander of the 

 SET*., TS* aft / rw " d employed in the south of France, 

 ie ninth and tenth military divisions, to suppm. the 

 .t Jaoobms. From thence he was recalled by the First 

 sol, in the yea, 1800. to join the expedition to Italy, and he 

 d Ubonr which the French army underwent in 

 In this passage Launes commanded 

 17th of May be arrived at Cbfuilloti, 

 __ _. ^ a corps of 6000 Austrian*. On the 



the 'Austria^ we^" 8 * U* ' dSSrf ** M ' Montobell ' iu whi< * 



ftHrfJlT? "TV^*"-., The itn P r "rie.'> madTo^the mindTf 

 Mapoleon of Lanne.' skill and courage on this occasion was so great, 

 that, SOB. year, afterwards, Montobello was tho title chcWfoTthe 

 dnkedom to which he was raised. After the battle of Marengo i 

 which he l,kewi greatly di,tiuguiried him.elf, ho reorfvecT T at'bre 

 f honour, and wa* selected to pit sent to the government at Paris the 

 standards that had been taken from the Austrian*. 



In 1801 ha was sent to Lisbon by the First Consul in the capacity 

 f minister plenipotentiary of France; and his determined bearing 

 "bUmed from the feeble government of Portugal every measure 

 which Napoleon I. at that time required. Several characteristic trait* 



General Lannes' behaviour at the court of Liabon are to be found 

 in the interesting Memoir* of the Duchess of Abrutos (Madame 

 Junot), whose husband was sent to supersede him as ambassador. 

 On hi. return from Portugal in 1804, Napoleon, who was now emperor, 

 created him Marshal of the Empire, and afterward. Duke of Moutebello. 

 In the Austrian campaign of 1805 Lanne* was appointed <o the chief 

 command of the left wing of the French army, and was present at 

 the battle of \Vertmgen, and at the taking of Brauuau (October 29th. 

 ISOfi). In the decisive battle of AusterliU, December 2nd 1S05, 

 where he manifested hii usual courage and gave proof of increased 



II and judgment, ha had two of hi* aides-de-camp killed by hia 



In the Prussian campaign of !S06and 1807 he performed many 

 brilliant achievement.; at the siege of Danzig he rendered, together 

 with Oudmot, material assistance to Marshal Lefebvre, who com- 

 manded the besieging army, and he narrowly escaped death at the 

 battle of Jena, [LEFEBVHR] In June 1807, a few month* subse- 

 quent to the battle of Eylau, an unsuccessful attempt was mad..- by 

 Lauues upon the intrenched camp of Heilberg, and it occasioned a 

 serious dispute brtween him and the Grand Duke of Berg (Mural), 

 which gave rise to an incident showing the freedom with which he 

 wa. accustomed to addrea Napoleon, whom, on this occasion, he 

 openly accused of manifesting an undue partiality to hi* brother-in- 

 law. The scene of bitter altercation between the emperor and hi. 

 lieutenant is described with dramatic effect by the Duchess of 

 Abrantes (' Mdm.,' ix. 369-72). In 1 SOS Lannes accompanied Napoleon 

 in the Peninsular campaign, and had the command of the third corps 

 of the army. In crossing the mountains near Mou Dragon he met 

 nth an accident which might have proved fatal but for the skill of 

 khat eminent surgeon Baron Larrey. In the battle of TuJela 

 (November 23rd, 1808), at which Lannes was present, the Spaniards 

 under Castafio. were completely defeated, and seven standards, thirty 

 nieces of cannon, and upwards of threu thousand prisoners fell into 

 the hands of the French. Lauues was afterwards appointed to the 

 chief command of the army besieging Saragossa, and it wa* there 

 especially that the influence of his military t.ilenU was felt and appro- 

 bated. For fifty days without iuteruu-eion the French nrmy had 

 fruitlessly fought and laboured ; he found the soldiers suffering from 

 irivations of every kind and deeply dispirited. On the 21st of 

 Tebruary 1809, the city was entered by a general assault, aud from 

 welve to fifteen thousand of its courageous defenders, who werj 

 educed to the lowest state of weakness by the sufferings uud priva- 

 ious they had endured, laid down their arms. After the fall of 

 Saragossa, Launes returned to France, with the intention of spending 

 oouie time upon his estate in the neighbourhood of Paris, but after a 

 ew week, the second war with Austria broke out, and he was again 

 called to share the fortune of his master on the field of battle. 

 _In thia campaign he had the command of the second corps of 

 sapoleon's army, composed of fifty thousand men. At tho battle of 

 Ockmiihl, April 22ud, 1809, his services proved of the greatest value. 

 t was the intention of the French emperor to cut off the communi- 

 cations of the Austrian* with the Iser and the Inn, and, by throwing 

 lem back upon Bohemia, to prevent them from defending Vienna. 

 ''or this purpose he commenced the attack by advancing tho right 

 wing of his army under Lonues, together with part of Davou*t's 

 corps, to attack the Austrian left. This movement, which Lanne* 

 most skilfully conducted, was perfectly successful, aud the enemy 

 was driven back in confusion. His bravery also displayed itself in 

 subsequent parts of this important battle, and he contributed greatly 

 to the final issue, which was favourable to the French. The day 

 after this engagement, in the assault on Ratisbon, Lanues, who con- 

 ducted the operations, perceiving a large house which was situated 

 against the ramparts of the town, caused several guns to play against 

 formed by which access might be gained to the 



it, and a broach wo* e gane e 



summit. A heavy fire however was kept up from the rampart., 

 which rendered the crossing of the glacis extremely hazardous to the 

 besiegers, and for some time no soldier could be found sullicieutly 

 bold to face tho danger. Tho mamhal at length, impatient at the 

 delay, seized a .coling-ladder, and hastened forward through the 

 thickest port of the shower of the enemy's balls. He was instantly 

 followed by hi* men, whom the gallant spectacle of their leader's 

 courage had animated, and, by this daring and decisive measure, the 

 breach was quickly passed, aud the town was gained. 



The last but not least noble exploits of this distinguished general 

 were the defence of the village of Easling, iu tho sanguinary battle 

 which has been named from it, aud the grand attack ou the Austrian 

 centre, which, though unsuccessful in its results, was conducted by 

 Lanne* with great skill and courage. When the French had beeu 

 compelled to retire to the island of Lobau, their wearied bands were 

 attacked by freh troops, which the Archduke Charles brought up in 

 constant succession in order to dislodge them from their posit.., n. 

 Lannes, with the intention of resisting this attack, posted those of 

 hi. soldiers ou whom he could place most reliance in the rear of the 

 columns, and supporting them with the troops which the emperor 



