Ill 



LATREILLK, PIERRE-AKDRB. 



LAUD, WILLIAM. 



-is 



benefice in Wiltshire, where ho had preached the Reformed doetrinei 

 with iucli plainnen as to cmmo the bishops to cite him to London to 

 answer for hit heretical opinions. Cromwell continued afterwards to 

 be hi* friend and patron : he reecued him from the peril* of the cita- 

 tion, recommended him to Anne Bolryn, who appointed him her 

 chaplain, and toon afterward! the bishopric of Worcester was conferred 

 on him (1535). The dutiei of this *rc he performed In tho most active 

 and exemplary manner, and while holding visitations, giving instruc- 

 tion*, and correcting abuses, never failed to promote the Reformation 

 to the utmost of his power. Thus did he employ himself for three 

 yean, at the expiration of which passed the act of the Six Articles 

 (Burnet, vol. L), from which he so totally dissented, that he resigned 

 his bishopric. Shaxton, bishop of Winchester, followed his example, 

 but Cranmer retained his office. 



Lttimer now sought retirement in the country, where he would 

 have continued to reside, had not an accident befallen him, the effects 

 of which he thought the skill of London surgeons would alleviate. 

 He arrived in London when the power of Cromwell was nearly at an 

 end, and the mastery in the hands of Gardiner, who no sooner disco- 

 vered him in his privacy, than he procured accusations to be made 

 against him for his objections to the Six Articles, and he was com- 

 mittrd to tho Tower. Different causes being alleged against him, he 

 remained a prisoner for six years ; and not until the accession of 

 Edward VI. did he obtain his liberation. The parliament then offered 

 to restore him to his see, but he was firm in hia refusal to receive it : 

 his great age, he said, made him desirous of privacy. In this reign we 

 find him the accuser of Bonncr, occasionally the adviser of the king, 

 and continually the strenuous reprover of the vices of the age ; but 

 the reign was short, and with it expired Latimer's prosperity. In July 

 1653 King Edward died ; in September Mary had begun to take 

 vengeance on the Reformers, and among others Latimer was committed 

 to the Tower. Though he was at least eighty years old, no consi- 

 deration was shown for his great age ; and he was sent to Oxford to 

 dispute on tho corporal presence. He had never been accounted very 

 learned : he bad not used Latin much, he told them, these twenty 

 years, and was not able to dispute ; but he would declare his faith, 

 and then they might do as they pleased. Ue declared, that he thought 

 the presence of Christ in the sacrament to be only spiritual : " he 

 enlarged much against the sacrifice of the mass ; and lamented that 

 they had changed tho communion into a private mass ; that they had 

 taken the cup away from the people; and, instead of service in a 

 known tongue, were bringing the nation to a worship that they did 

 not understand." (Burnet, vol. ii.) They laughed at him, and told him 

 to answer their arguments; he reminded them that ho was old, and 

 that his memory had failed ; the laughter however continued, and there 

 was great disorder, perpetual shoutings, tauntings, and reproaches. 

 When he was asked whether he would abjure his principles, he only 

 answered, " I thank God most heartily that he hath prolonged my life 

 to this end, that I may in this case glorify God with this kind of 

 death." On the 16th of October 1555 he was led to the stake with 

 Ridley, gunpowder being fastened about his body to hasten his death ; 

 it took fire with the first flame, and he died immediately. Latimer 

 published several of his sermons at different times. They have been 

 reprinted in 2 vols. 8vo, London, 1S25. 



Latimer was remarkable for moral excellence and simplicity rather 

 than for learning, and for zeal rather than for ability : he was a good 

 but not a great man. 



LATREILLE, PIERRE-ANDRE, a French naturalist, particularly 

 distinguished in the department of entomology, was born at Drives on 

 tho 29th of November 1762. Having shown on early taste for the 

 study of natural history, and for literary pursuits generally, the Baron 

 D'Kspagnac, governor of the Hotel des Invalides, brought him to Paris 

 in 1778, and plsced him in the college of the Cardinal Lemoine to be 

 educated for the Church. Here he formed a friendship with the Abbd 

 Eaiiy, who was a professor at the college. In 1786 he retired into the 

 country, where he devoted all his leisure time to researches on insects. 

 On going to Paris two years afterwards he formed an acquaintance 

 with Fabric-ins, Olivier, and M. Bosc. Some curious plants which ho 

 presented to Lamarck procured him also the friendship of that great 

 naturalist, whom he afterwards assisted in his lectures, and succeeded 

 u professor in the Museum of Natural History. A memoir on the 

 Uutilles of France (Hymenopterous insects), which was inserted in 

 the ' Acts of the Society of Natural History at Paris,' procured him, 

 in 1791, the title of Correspondent to this society, and shortly after- 

 wards of the Linuecan Society of London. At this period ho also 

 wrote some of the articles on Entomology in the ' Encyclopedia 

 MiSihodique,' Hitherto he had only devoted a small portion of his 

 time to scientific pursuit*, not allowing it to interfere with the duties 

 of his profession ; but the revolution, which created so many reverses 

 of fortune, obliged him to pursue for a living that study which he 

 had only cultivated before as an amusement. 



Being an ecclesiastic, he was devoted to persecution, and twice con- 

 demned to banishment, but he escaped this punishment through the 

 influence of his scientific friends. Returning to Paris iu 1798, he was 

 named a Correspondent of the Institute ; and through the recom- 

 mendation of LsoSpede, Lamarck, Cuvier, and Geoffroy St-Hilaire, he* 

 obtained employment in the Museum, where he was appointed to 

 arrange the collection of insects. When Lamarck become blind, 



Latreille was named assistant professor, and he continued Lamarck's 

 lectures on the Invertebrate Animals till that naturalist's death in 

 1829, wh-n he filled tho vacant chair of zoology. 



The number of his literary productions is very considerable. ' Le 

 Magazin Enoyclopedique' of Millin, the ' Annales ' and the Momoires 

 du Museum,' and the 'Bulletin de U 8oci<Std philomathiqua ' contain 

 many papers and observations by him. In 1802 he published tho 

 lli-toire des Fourmis,' which also contained several memoirs on other 

 subjects, as on Bees and Spiders. Among bis publications there is one 

 which has been highly spoken of, and which differs in its object con- 

 siderably from his other writings ; this is a dissertation on the expe- 

 dition of the consul Suetonius Paulinos in Africa, and upon the 

 ancient geography of that country. His memoirs upon the sacred 

 insects of the Egyptians, and on the general geographical ditril 

 of insects, excited the attention of all naturalists. Latreille's 

 des Caracteresgc'ncriqucs des Insectes' (Brives, 1796) was the first work 

 in which these animals were distributed in natural families, and it 

 formed the basis of his ' Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum ' (4 vols. 

 8vo, Paris, 1806-9), which is by far the best of all his productions. 

 His ' Considerations generates sur 1'Ordre nature! des Animaux com- 

 posant les classes des Crustacea, des Arachnides, et des Insectes,' and 

 the third volume of the 'Regne Animal ' of Cuvier are only extracts, 

 more or less modified, of this work. The system by which the insects 

 are arranged in the ' Regne Animal ' (the entomological part of which, 

 it must be remembered, was written by Latreille, though it all stands 

 under the name of Cuvier) is pronounced by Mr. Swainson to bo "the 

 most elaborate and the most perfect in its details that has yet been 

 given to the world." It soon superseded that of Fabricius. "It 

 possesses the advantage of being founded on a consideration of the 

 entire structure of these animals, and hence gives us the first 

 example, in theory, of the natural principle of classification." In 

 Sonnini's edition of Buffon, Latreille has given a general history of 

 in -sects ; he also wrote a ' Histoire des Salamandres,' and many other 

 works. 



Latreille, by the almost universal consent of naturalists, stood at 

 the head of the department of entomology iu his own and other 

 countries. He deserved this place by his knowledge of the external 

 and internal organisation of insects, and by hia acquaintance with 

 their manners and habits. 



Latreille was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1814, 

 and was mode in 1821 Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died 

 at Paris, on the 6th of February 1833, at the age of seventy. 



LAUD, WILLIAM, was the son of a clothier at Reading in Berk- 

 shire, where he was born on the 7th of October 1573. Laud was 

 sometimes reproached during his prosperity with the meanness of his 

 birth, which however was not more humble than that of most of the 

 churchmen of his time, and indeed of preceding times ; for in truth 

 Laud himself was mainly instrumental in rendering the Church of 

 England the resort of men of good or noble family as a profession. 

 Laud received his early education in the Free Grammar-School of 

 Reading, from whence, in July 1589, he was removed to Oxford and 

 entered a commoner of St John's College, where he successively 

 obtained a scholarship and fellowship. Even at the university Laud 

 had the character of being " at least very Popishly inclined." Heylyn 

 informs us that Dr. Abbot, master of University College, who was 

 afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, "so openly branded him for a 

 Papist, or at least Popishly inclined, that it was almost made an 

 heresy (as I have heard from his own mouth) for any one to be seen 

 in his company, and a misprision of heresy to give him a civil salu- 

 tation as he walked the streets." 



In 1605 Laud had been appointed chaplain to Charles Lord Mount- 

 joy, earl of Devonshire. Laud, who held marriage to be an indis- 

 soluble sacrament, who raised a flame in Scotland by enforcing this 

 point, and who censured in the high commission, and even imprisoned 

 for adultery (which imprisonment he himself allows in his diary to be 

 more than the law allowed), nevertheless performed the rites of mar- 

 riage between his patron and Lady Rich, whose husband was then 

 living, and who bad previously carried on an adulterous intercourse 

 with Lord Mountjoy. On the death of the Earl of Devonshire in 

 1608, Laud was appointed one of the chaplains of Neilo, then bishop 

 of Rochester, from whom he obtained considerable church preferment. 

 His patron Neile, on his being translated to the see of Lichfiold, and 

 before hia giving up the deanery of Westminster, which ho held in 

 commendam wilh his bUhopric of Rochester, obtained for him the 

 reversion of a prebendal stall there. In 1611 he became president of 

 St John's College, Oxford. 



In 1616 the king conferred upon him the deanery of Gloucester, 

 having some time previously appointed him one of his chaplains in 

 ordinary. In 1617 he accompanied King James into Scotland for the 

 purpose of modelling the Scottish Church after the fashion to which 

 he and Laud were desirous of bringing the Church of England. On 

 the 22nd of January 1620 he was installed prebendary of Westminster, 

 and on the 18th of November 1621 consecrated bishop of St. David's. 

 It was expected that Laud would have been made dean of Westminster 

 iu the pi ice of Williams, who having been sworn privy-councillor, aud 

 nominated to the see of Lincoln, received on the 10th of July the 

 custody of the Great Seal on its being taken from Bacon. But Williams 

 possessed such interest at court, that when he was made bishop of 



