LELAND, JOHS, D.D. 



LELEWEL, JOACHIM. 



Anthony 11*11. 2 ToU. Svo. Oxon. )70 ; lii. ' Itinerary.' published by 

 Thomas Hrarne, 9 Tola. Svo, Oxford. 1710-11; reprinted u the third 

 edition in 1770 ; and '!) liebtu liriunuicu Collectanea,' edit Thouia. 

 Htarue. (it. u, 171 J ; reprinted at London in 



(Lttmif Ltl<nul,Jltar*t,a<l Wood, 2 vole. 8vo, 177.'; ( halmers, 

 *, xx. ; lUise, edit of Wood's Atkaue Ornnitniet) 



LKl.A.M). JolIN. D.U.. born 1601, wai of a IVesbyterisu family in 

 Lancashire, but bii father removed when he was very young to 

 Dublin. He was designed for the ministry, and early in life ho 

 became pastor of a congregation of Presbyterian Ditaentan in Dublin, 

 and in thut situation be spent the remainder of his life. lie received 

 bii degree of Doctor of Divinity from the university' of Aberdeen. 

 Dr. Lelaod's name would not however have found iu way into the*o 

 columns bad he punued the course of a useful and pious minister 

 only. His claim to notice resU on various works of which he was 

 the author, iu the great controversy of the age in which ho lived, on 

 the truth and divine origiu of Christianity. His first work, published 

 in 1733, was an answer to Tindsl's 'Christianity as old as the 

 Creation.' In 1737 he encountered Dr. Thomas Morgan's work, 

 entitled 'The Moral Philosopher;' and in 1742 he published an 

 answer to a tract entitled ' Christianity not founded on Argument.' 

 In 1753 h j published ' Inflections ' on such parti of Lord Bolingbroke's 

 ' Letters on History ' as relate to Christianity and the Scriptures. All 

 these works are esteemed valuable defences of Christianity ; but his 

 principal work U entitled 'A View of the principal Deietical Writers 

 that have appeared in England iu the hut and present Century ; with 

 Observations upon them.' This work first appeared iu iU original 

 form in 1764. He died iu 1766. 



l.i:i. AND, THOMAS, a divine, scholar, and historical writer, was 

 a native of Dublin, where be was born in 1722. He was not, we 

 have reason to believe, at all connected with the Presbyterian minister 

 just mentioned. Thomas Leland WAS educated at Trinity College, 

 Dublin, and became early in life a Fellow of that Society, which 

 placed him in a state of independence, and enabled him to devote 

 himself to the pursuit of knowledge and truth, for which he wag 

 remarkable through the whole course of his life. His principal 

 works are, 'A Translation of Demosthenes,' 1750-1770; 'A History 

 of the Life and lUigu of Philip of Macedon,' 1758 ; ' A Dissertation 

 on the Principle of Human Eloquence,' 1764, one of the many works 

 that arose out of the publication, by liishop Warburton, of his ' Divine 

 Legation of Moses; ' 'A History of Ireland,' 1773. Ur. Lelnncl was 

 an admired preacher, and after his death, which occurred ill 1785, 

 a collection of his sermons, iu three volumes, was published. 



LELEWKL, JOACHIM, a Polith historian and political character 

 of the first eminence, is descended from a family connected, according 

 to Straazewicz, with KuglauH, Fiance, and Ciermauy, which established 

 itself in Poland towards the end of the 17th century. His father, 

 Ksrol Lelewel, held various offices under the minister of public 

 instruction in the grand duchy of Warsaw, and subsequently in the 

 kingdom of Poland, when it was placed under the Emperur Alexander 

 by the Congress of Vienna. Young Lelewel, who was the eldest of 

 five children, was born at Warsaw on the 21st of March 1786, and 

 educated chiefly at the University of Wilna, where he distinguished 

 himself by his talents and acquirement.-*, and became in 1814 a 

 professor-adjunct, and subsequently iu 1622, after an absence of some 

 time at the school of Krzemieniec and at Warsaw, professor of history. 

 At that time tbe University of Wilnu, under the fostering core of Prince 

 Czartoryski, then minister of public instruction, was in the full tide 

 of prosperity, and numbered 1200 students. So great was the popu- 

 larity of Lelewel, that when he went to deliver his first lecture the 

 ordinary hall was found insufficient to contain his audience, and the 

 lecture was obliged to be adjourned to a subsequent day, and trans- 

 ferred to a larger space. Tho suspicious of the Russian government 

 were ever directed against both lecturer and students, partly it would 

 seem from the daring imprudence of Lelewel. Stanislas Kozniiau 

 relates that on one occasion, during a time of excitement, he com- 

 menced his lecture- with tho words, " To arms, brethren, to amis ! let 

 u* die or conquer our freedom!" Tbe startled students sprung to 

 their feet, when he continued in a calm tone, ".S'icli was tho cry that 

 sounded OVT the mountains of Switzerland when William Tell raised 

 the standard of independence." This state of affairs did not last long. 

 In 1923 the discovery of some teoret societies among the students led 

 to a aeries of measures of great hardship and cruelty on the part of the 

 Russian authorities, which terminated in 1824 in the banishment of 

 many of the students, among others the poet Mickiewicz, and in tho 

 removal of Lelewel from his professorship. That the suspicions of 

 the Kusaians were well-founded is denied or thrown in doubt by many 

 of the Polish writers on the subject, and among others by Lelewel 

 himself', who has written n special history of this tnusucti<>u; but it 

 must be observed that Zan, the head of the secret societies, who was 

 cut by tbe Uusmns to Orenburg, was supposed to be alive and iu their 

 hands at the time that these writings appeared, and that too free dis- 

 closures might have cost him his life, while the subsequent caieer of 

 almost every ouu of the itudents thon implicated has shown that they 

 were in reality determined enemies to Uuasiau away. Lelewel was 

 elected a deputy to the Polish diet, and continued actively engaged 

 both in political proceedings and in literary researches till the outbreak 

 of the insurrection against tho rule of the (jriiud-duke Constantino 



ICoxsTAXTUii, PAVLOVKH], on tbe 29th of November, 1830. On that 

 very night, and at tbe very hour that the palace of the belvedere was 

 assailed, Lelewel's aged father died, and the son, who had engaged in 

 the conspiracy, was necessarily absent at the side of the death-bed. 

 His name and that of Chlopicki wen the two mentioned as candidate* 

 for the dictatorship, but the reputation of the soldier prevailed. 

 Lelewel was however elected a member of all the higher bodies of 

 the revolutionary government, both during Chlopicki dictatorship 

 and after bis resignation ; became minuter of public instruction, and 

 was at the same time chief of a revolutionary club. The most 

 opposite statements and opinions were current as to the nature and 

 tendency of his measures. While by some he wa regarded as a 

 revolutionist of tbe most desperate character, engaged in secret 

 machinations to push on his colleagues in the government to measures 

 of reckless violence ; by others he was looked upon as a mere man 

 of books and speeches, totally lost when tbe requisite was 

 The Kmpcior Nicholas evidently adopted the former opinion, MUCH in 

 a proclamation, in which he ranged the l'oh-h insurgents according to 

 twelve different degrees of guilt, Lelewel's name stood iu a class by 

 itself as the most obnoxious of all Time appears to have estal-1 . 

 the truth of the opposite view, or, at all events, to have shown that, 

 whatever Lelewel's theories might be, at a man of action he was 

 out of his place. On the suppression of the Polish insurrection ho 

 made his way in disguise to Germany, and subsequently to Paris, 

 where he arrived towards the end of 1831. Though he was then of 

 the age of forty-five, it was the first occasion on which he hud ever 

 been out of Poland, and he has never since had the opportunity of 

 returning. He was elected in Paris chief of the emigration, and in 

 that capacity affixed his name to some proclamations which gave 

 oU'ence to the French government, who at first admonishing him, and 

 afterwards finding fresh reason to be dissatisfied with his conduct, 

 finally in January 1833 sent a body of soldiers to remove him from 

 General Lafayette's seat at Lagrange, where he was on a visit, ami 

 directed him to leave tbe country. For the thrue-aud twenty years 

 since his removal from France he has resided at Brussels, where he has 

 quietly devoted himself to literary and antiquarian labours. 



It is remarked by Stanislas Ko/miau that in the west of Europe the 

 name of Lelewel is known only to a select few, while in the east, of 

 course more especially iu Poland, it is popular among whole nations. 

 Even hU successor iu the chair of history at Wilna, in enumerating 

 the Polish historians, remarked that Lelewel was undoubtedly at their 

 head, though, he sarcastically added in reference to his style which in 

 his early days was somewhat eccentric, that it was a pity his works 

 were not "done iuto Polish.'' The list of his productions is ;; 

 long one, Straszewic/ in his book on the ' Poles of the Devolution,' 

 published in 1833, enumerates eighty diitiuct articles, commencing 

 with on ' Examination of the Kdn.i,' published in 1807, many of them 

 distinct publications, and others dissertations of some length in the 

 ' Transactions' of Polish scademies, and in periodicals, to which ho 

 adds a hundred and fifty maps, designed and engraved by Lelewel's 

 own band, to secure the accuracy which it appears cannot be expected 

 from ordinary map-engravers. The main ol ject of Lelewel's ambition 

 was to compose a standard history of Poland on a large scale, but from 

 his advanced age it cannot bo expected that he will ever be able to 

 accomplish this aim. In a short ' History of Poland, as related by an 

 ancle to his nephews,' he has however embodied in an abridged shape 

 his general views of the whole subject, and he has marked out some 

 portion of his plan at length. In his 'Polska wiekuw srednych' 

 (' Poland of the Middle Ages ') 4 vols. 8vo (Posen, 1846-51) he has 

 brought together rather in the shape of historical dissertations than 

 of historical narrative, a vast body of observations which appear to be 

 based on a careful study of all the contemporary historians of tbe 

 large tract of time over which the subject is carried. In his ' Narody 

 na ziemiach Slawiauskich przed powstanium Polski ' (' Nations on the 

 .Slavonic soil before the rise of Poland '), Poseo, 1 853, 8vo, he treats of 

 the subject which Naruszawicz, who may be called the Hume of Polish 

 literature, found so difficult, that he published a history of Poland 

 beginning with the second volume. If to these works be added the 

 ' Kozbiory Dzicl,' or ' Reviews of works treating of Polish history,' 

 (Posen, 1844, 8vo), collected by Llewel from various publications in 

 which he had inserted them at different times, a body of history will 

 be found, on which the future fame of Lelewel will probably rest. 

 Hu more popular reputation is owing to the already mentioned 'His- 

 tory of Poland related by an uncle,' his ' Poland Re-born,' his ' lieign 

 ol Stanislas Augustus,' his ' Novvsiltsov at Wilna,' and other works oi 

 the same kind, in which the foreign reader finds rather the warmth of 

 the pamphleteer thnn the impartiality of tho historian. These latter 

 works have made their appearance in a I'lvnch dress at Brussels, Lille, 

 and elsewhere, translated by different Polish emigrants. Lelewel has 

 himself written several French dissertations on subjects of nuinis- 

 inntic', and some larger works, of which ' La Numismatique du Moyen 

 Ago' (Paris, 1835, 2 vols. 8vo), and ' Etudes Numismatiquos ' (Brusselfl, 

 1840, 8vo), testify to a wide erudition, sometimes in fault on minor 

 point* but fruitful of new and extended views. Meduoval geography 

 is another of his favourite studies, and has been treated in perhaps his 

 most important production, ' La Geographic du Moyen Age ' (four 

 volumes in three, Brussels, 1850-62, 8vo, with an atlas of 50 plates 

 entirely engraved by himself). It is wonderful to observe in thia work 



