LEO8THENES. 



LEPSIU8, CARL RICHARD. 



of bu late Mujwt j King George IV., at that time prinoe regent ; bat 

 was left a widower on the 6th of November in the following year. An 

 allowance of 60,0001. a jear bad been Mttled jointly on the prinoe and 

 princcM, with a stipulation that, in event of the death of the princess, 

 the annuity of the prince should be reduced to 50,000t Aa husband 

 of the heirera apparent to the Britiah throne, Prinoe Leopold obtained 

 general wteem and rwpect by bin domestic conduct, which certainly 

 (jlhrsJ a vary worthy example to royalty at that day ; and he resided 

 for many yean subsequently at Claremont. 



It U well known that tho existence of Belgium as a separate state 

 date* only from August 1830, when the revolution of Brussels severed 

 the Belgian province* from the crown of Holland. In the following 

 October a provisional government was appointed, and in December it 

 was announced to the congress in Brussels that the allied powers of 

 Europe had reoognUed the permanent erection of those provinces into 

 a separate state under the name of Belgium. The throne of Belgium 

 having been offered to and declined by the Duo do Nemours, eon of 

 Louis- Philippe, a new election became necessary, and after a few 

 mouths of anarchy and confusion, during which fierce and formidable 

 riots broke ont at Antwerp, Brussels, and Liege, on the 4th of June 

 It31 the National Congress at Brussels, after a long discussion, elected 

 Prince Leopold king of the Belgians by a majority of 162 votes to 15. 

 In consequence of an unwillingness on the part of the Belgians to 

 comply with the terms of the great powers of Europe with respect to 

 the territories of tl at state, the prince declined the crown, but was 

 subsequently induced to accept it conditionally on the 26th of the 

 same month. He entered the capital on the 21st of July, and ascended 

 the throne the day following as King of the Belgians. Belgium is a 

 limited constitutional monarchy, and the succession is limited to the 

 din ct male line, to the exclusion of females, and in default of a male 

 heir it is lawful for the king to nominate his successor. In opening 

 the Belgian parliament, King Leopold expressed bis intention to 

 encourage manufactures and commerce, and the most perfect civil 

 and religions liberty ; and this royal promise Las been amply 

 redeemed, as is shown by the flourishing condition of the country. 

 In 1832 King Leopold married as his second wife Louise-Marie- 

 Thcroae, princess of Orleans, eldest daughter of Louis-Philippe, king 

 of the French, by whom he has three children, the eldest of whom, 

 Leopold-Louis-Philippe, born April 9, 1835, is prince royal, duke of 

 Brabant, and heir apparent to the Belgian crown. 



LKO'STHENES was one of the last successful generals of Athens. 

 He was of the party of Demosthenes; and the violence of hig 

 harangues in favour of democracy drew the reproof from Phocion, 

 " Toung man, thy words are like the cypress, tall and large, but they 

 bear no fruit." lie had however gained reputation enough to be 

 chosen leader by a large body of mercenary soldiers returned from 

 Asia shortly before the death of Alexander, who, on that event being 

 known, were taken openly into the pay of the republic. His first 

 exploit was the defeat of the Boeotians, near Plataea. After this he 

 took poet at Pylte, to prevent the entrance of Antipater into Greece, 

 defeated him, and shut him up in Lamia, a town in Thessaly, to which 

 he laid siege; and from that siege the Lainian war has its name. 

 Leosthenei was killed in the course of it, and after his death success 

 deserted the Athenian arms. [ANTIPATER.] He left a high repu- 

 tation : his picture, painted by Arcesilaue, is mentioned by Pausanias 

 (1, c. i.) as one of the objects in the Peiroeus worthy of notice. 

 '(Diod., xviii.) 



Another Leosthenes, also an Athenian, was condemned to death, 

 B.C. 361, for being defeated by Alexander of Pheree. (Diod., xv. 95.) 



LE'PIDI, the name of one of the most distinguished families of the 

 patrician gens or clan of JKun.u. Those most worthy of notice are : 



1. MARCUS ^EHIUUS LKPIDUS, who was sent as ambassador to 

 Ptolemy, king of Egypt, at the close of the Second Punic War, B.C. 201. 

 (Polyb., xvL 84 ; Liv., xxxL 2 ; compare Tac., ' Ann.,' ii. 67.) He 

 obtained the consulship B.C. 187 (Liv., xxxix. 5, 56 : Polyb., xxiii. 1), 

 and again in B.C. 175. In H.C. 179 he was elected Pontifex Maximus 

 and Censor (Liv., x). 42, 45 ; Qell., xii. 8). He was Princepa Senatus 

 six times. (Liv., ' Epit,' 48.) He died B.C. 150. 



2. MARCUS JiMiLifs LEPIDUS, Prater B.C. 81; after which he 

 obtained the province of Sicily (Cic., 'Verr.,' hi. 91.) In his consul- 

 ship, Ji.f. 78, he endeavoured to rescind the measures of Sulla ; but 

 was driven out of Italy by his colleague, Qnintus Catulus, and by 

 Pompey, and retired to Sardinia, where he died in the following year, 

 while making preparations for a renewal of the war. (Appian, ' Civ.,' 

 i. 105 ; Liv., ' Ef.it,' 90 ; Plutarch, ' Pomp.,' 16.) 



3. MARCUS JKxiLiva LEPIDUB, the Triumvir, the son of the pre- 

 ceding, was ,t(iile B.C. (2, and Pnctor B.C. 49, in which year Caesar 

 cam* to an open rupture with the senatorian party. [Gfla*Jt; 

 AHTOSIU.S.] Lepidus from his first entrance into public life opposed 

 the senatorian party ; and though he does not appear to have possessed 

 any of the talent and energy of character by which Antony was distin- 

 guished, yet bis great riches and extensive family connections made 

 him an important accession to the popular cause. On the first expe- 

 dition of Ccetar into Spain, Lepidus was left in charge f the city, 

 though the military command of Italy was intrusted to Antony. 

 During Ciesar's absence, Lepidus proposed the law by which Ctcsar 

 was created Dictator. 



In the following year, B.C. 48, he obtained the province of Hupania 



CiUrior, with the title of proconsul ; and in B.C. 44 was made consul with 

 Ctesar, and at the same time bis master of the horse on appointment 

 which again gave him the chief power in Rome during the absence of 

 tho dictator in the African war. In B.C. 44 he was again mad* master 

 of the hone, and appointed to the provinces of Unlha Narbonensis 

 and Hispanic Citerior; but he did not immediately leave Rome, and 

 was probably in the senate-hoiue when Ctesar was assassinated. After 

 the death of Cesar, Lepidus was courted by both parties ; and the 

 Senate, at the motion of Cicero, decreed that an equestrian statue 

 should be erected to his honour in any part of the city he might fix 

 upon. Lepidus promised to assist the Senate, but at the same time 

 carried on a secret negotiation with Antony. On his arrival in his 

 province, being ordered by the Senate to join Decimus Brutu*, he at 

 length found it ueceesary to throw off the mask ; and instead of 

 obeying their commands, united his forces with those of Antony. 



In the autumn of this year, B.C. 43, the celebrated triumvirate was 

 established between Antony, Lepidus, and Octavianus (Augustus) ; 

 and in the division of the provinces, Lepidus received the whole of 

 Spain and Gsllia Narbonensis. The conduct of the war against Brutus 

 and Caseius was assigned to Antony and Augustus, while th charge 

 of the city was intrusted to Lepidus, who was again elected consul 

 (B.C. 43). After the defeat of Brutus and Carom.*, Antony and Ati. u t us 

 found themselves sufficiently powerful to act contrary to the advice 

 and wishes of Lepidus ; and iu the new divi-ion of the provinces, 

 which was made after the battle of Pbilippi, Spain and Gnllia Nor- 

 bouensis were taken from Lepidus, and Africa given to him instead. 

 Lepidus had now lost all real authority in the management of public 

 affaire, but hu was again included in the triumvirate when it was 

 renewed B.C. 37. In the following year he was summoned from Africa 

 to assist Augustus in Sicily against Sextus Pouiprius ; and he landed 

 with a Urge army, by means of which he endeavoured to regain his 

 lost power, and make himself independent of Augustus : but iu this 

 attempt ho completely failed. Being deserted by his own troops, ho 

 was obliged to implore the mercy of Augustus, who spared hi* life, 

 and allowed him to retain his private property and the dignity of 

 Pontifex Maximus, which ho had obtained on the death of Julius 

 Caspar, but deprived him of hie province and triumvirate, and banished 

 him, according to Suetonius, to Ciroeii (' Octav.,' c. 16). 



After the battle of Actiuni, his son formed a conspiracy for the 

 u~Mi-.-ination of Augustus on his return from the East, which was 

 discovered liy Meescuas ; and Lepidus, having incurred the suspicion 

 of his former colleague, repaired to Home, where he was treated, 

 according to Dion Cassius (h'v., pp. 607, 608, Stephau.) with studied 

 insult and contempt He died B.C. 12. 



(Cicero, Letters and Orations ; Cccsar, Civil War ; the E/jilcma of 

 Livy, Dion, Appian, &c. ; Clinton, fasti Jlellenici ; and Drumonn, 

 Geschichtc Roms.) 



* LKPSIUS, CARL RICHARD, the son of Carl Peter, a distin- 

 guished writer on mediaeval architecture, was born at Naumberg- 

 on-the-Saal, in Prussian Saxony, on December 24th, 1811. He 

 received his first instruction from his father, and in the public school 

 at Naumberg. In It28 he proceeded to the University of Leipzig, 

 where he commenced the study of philology, which he continued at 

 the universities of Gdttingen and Berlin, at the last-named place 

 having the advantage of beiug under Bopp. In 1S33 the degree of 

 Doctor was conferred on him by the University of Berlin for hi 

 ' Da tabulis EugubinU ; ' and in 1831 appeared his ' I'alaographie als 

 Mittel der Sprachforschuug.' In order to extend his linguistical and 

 archaeological knowledge ho travelled to France, where the i 

 meudation of Alexander von Humboldt secured him a friendly 

 reception from the French literati. From hence iu 1835 he proceeded 

 to Italy, passing the winter in Turin and Pisa, and hi April 1846 he 

 arrived at Rome, where he met with Bunsen, then ambassador from 

 Prussia to the Pope, with whom lie formed an intimate friendship. 

 At Rome he became a member of the Archaeological Institute. He 

 now more particularly directed his attention to the antiquities of 

 Egypt, and iu 1837 his 'LettrenM. Roseliii.i mr 1'alphabet hiero- 

 glyphique,' excited considerable attention ; as did also several of his 

 essays printed in the ' Transactions ' of tho A rohreologionl Institute 

 upon foine Egyptian monuments of art; and still more another, 

 printed at Leipzig in 1842, on 'Das Toitenbueh der /Ki-ypter ' 

 ('Obituary of the Egyptians'), from a hieroglyphic on papyrus at 

 Turin. During these investigations ho also found time to prepare 

 two essays for the French Institute ; one on the rclation>hip bi 

 the Semitic, Indian, ./Ethiopian, and other tongues; the second on 

 the origin of the numerals in the Indo-Gernianic languages, for whieh 

 he received a prize of 1200 francs. His re Italy also enabled 



him to investigate the Etrurian and Oscan dialects, of which he pub- 

 lished at Leipzig some fragments, ' InacrtpMoDM Umbricte ct 

 with an explanatory commentary in 1841; followed in 1842 by two 

 essays on the ' Tyrrhenian Pelasgi in Ktruria,' and on the ' Dissemina- 

 tion of the Italian Monetary SyMem from Ktruria.' But though these 

 works all pertain to his comparatively Miort residence in Italy, lie had 

 left it in 1838 on a mission to Knglaml from the Archaeological 

 Institute of Rome. Here in London he again met with Buusen, and 

 with him projected a great historical and antiquarian work n I'./ypt, 

 but whieh wan to depend upon a journey to that country, which he 

 then contemplated. Bunsen warmly supported the plan, but instead 



