885 



LIGHTFOOT, JOHN. 



LILLY, WILLIAM. 



8S6 



researches upon the physical properties of the tissues, and inquiring 

 into the nature of those laws of the diffusion of matter which had 

 been known under the name of endosmose and exosmose. The results 

 of his researches and inquiries on this subject were again communi- 

 cated to the English public through Professor Gregory, who trans- 

 lated the work on ' The Motions of the Juices in the Animal Body,' 

 which was published in 1843. 



In Giesscn Liebig was surrounded by industrious colleagues, who 

 appreciated the value of his researches, and were ready in any manner 

 to act under his direction for the advancement of the sciences they 

 had at heart. It was in 1848 that Liebig proposed to his colleagues 

 to draw up an annual report on the progress of chemistry. Professor 

 Kopp was associated with Liebig in editing the work, whilst Professors 

 Buff, Dieffenbach, Ettling, Knapp, Will, and Lammur were named as 

 contributors. This work has appeared annually, and ia a rich 

 depository of chemical information. It was hopt d that an English 

 translation would be sufficiently appreciated to have a remunerative 

 ale, and the 6rst four volumes were translated into English by Dr. 

 Hofmann, M. Warren De la Rue, and Dr. Bence Jones, but it does 

 Dot appear to have been continued for more than four years. One 

 of the last works of Professor Liebig to which we think it necessary 

 to allude, is his 'Familiar Letters on Chemistry.' This volume 

 consists of letters on various subjects connected with chemistry, which 

 are intended to show the importance of the study of chemistry as a 

 general branch of education. Some of them were first published in 

 Germany, and others appeared at intervals as a first and second series 

 translated into English and edited by Dr. Gardner. They have gone 

 through several editions, the last of which in one volume with con- 

 siderable additions was published in 1351. This is gracefully dedi- 

 cated to Sir James Clark, Bart, who has taken so much interest in 

 the foundation and development of the Roynl College of Chemistry. 

 Thii work u charmingly writti n, and indicates one of the sources of 

 Liebig's influence on the public mind. Few men write more clearly 

 or exhibit a more genuine enthusiasm in the importance and value of 

 his science than Professor Liebig. These letters have carried 

 chemistry and its results into localities where it would be impossible 

 it should be found if treated in a dry and technical manner. The 

 ubjecU on which he writ, a are those with which all are most familiar, 

 and he clearly demonstrates that there is no one so humble in life, 

 none so exalted in station, none so occupied, that a knowledge of 

 the principles of chemistry may not be of the greatest possible 

 advantage. 



Such a man as Liebig was likely to receive honour. The Grand- 

 Duke of Hesse made him an hereditary Baron in 1845. Ho was made 

 a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1840. He has been 

 invited to fill chain of chemistry in England, and also on the continent 

 of Europe, especially that of Heidelberg. All these he refused. In 

 1852 however he was induced to accept the Professorship of Chemistry 

 at Munich, with the position of President of the Chemical Labora- 

 tory. He has been elected foreign fellow of most of the scientific 

 societies of Europe and America that recognise chemistry. In 1854 

 a subscription was raised in Europe for the purpose of presenting 

 him with some mark of the high esteem in which his labours were 

 held. This subscription realised a sum above 10(101. A part of it 

 was spent in purchasing five handsome pieces of plate. This number 

 was selected in order that one piece may be handed down to each of 

 the five children of the baron, should they survive their father. The 

 remaining portion of the money, 46(W., was presented him in the form 

 of a cheque. 



The Baron von Liebig has formed the most intimate associations in 

 England, and often visits this country. He was present at the meeting 

 of the British Association held in York in Ib43, and again at the 

 meeting held at Glasgow in 1855. 



LIGHTFOOT, JOHN, born 1602, is one of those English divines 

 who belong peculiarly to the class called commentators, that is, who 

 have written notes or comments on the Holy Scriptures. By the 

 mass of readers these persons are not properly distinguished from 

 each other ; yet each has his own peculiarity : that of Dr. Lightfoot 

 being an intimate acquaintance with Rabbinical literature. In this 

 perhaps no English scholar has ever equalled him, and he has applied 

 this species of knowledge extensively, and in many instances success- 

 fully, to the illustration of the sacred writings. His works are 

 collected in two large folio volumes, with an account of his life 

 prefixed, to which we refer the reader for particular details. He was 

 the ton of a clergyman at Uttoxeter in Staffordshire, studied at 

 Cambridge for the church, was ordained, and settled early in life on 

 the living of Stone in his native county. But the temptation of an 

 eay access to books brought him to London ; and taking a house at 

 Horniey, he there spent twelve years ia close theological study. 

 There it was that he laid the foundation of his own fame, and of a 

 usefulness which reaches iiito a period far beyond the date of his own 

 existence. 



In the disturbed times he took part with the Presbyterians, became 

 a member of the assembly of divines, accepted the living of St. 

 Bartholomew beside the Exchange, and was made master of Catherine 

 Hll by the parliamei.tnry vis. tors of the University of Cambridge. 

 He had also the living of Great ilunden in Hertfordshire, which was 

 presented to him in 1644. On the restoration of King Charles II., 



when the Church of England was resettled in an episcopal form and 

 order, Dr. Lightfoot complied with the terms of the Act of Uniformity. 

 From that time he chiefly resided on his living at Great Munden, 

 where he had a people who could not estimate his learning and 

 value, but to whom he was very strongly attached. He used, when 

 absent, to say, that he longed to be among his "russet coats" at 

 Munden. He died in 1675. 



LIGOZZI, JA'COPO, a distinguished Italian painter in fresco and 

 in oil, was born at Verona, in 1543, and studied under 1'aolo Veronese. 

 He established himself at Florence, where he had much influence 

 upon the painters of his time, especially in colouring ; for though not 

 equal to Paolo Veronese, Ligozzi was an effective and powerful 

 colourist, and at the same time that he added vigour to the colouring 

 of the Florentines, he improved his own drawing. The Grand-Duke 

 Ferdinand II. appointed Ligozzi his principal painter, and super- 

 intendent of the Imperial Gallery. He died in 1627. 



Ligozzi is the painter of several great works in oil, though they are 

 what the Italians call quadri di macchiua, or machines, that is, orna- 

 mental or decorative works, distinguished chiefly for their size and 

 effect on the eye. The following works however are of a superior 

 order of this class ' San Raiiuoudo resuscitating an infant,' in Santa 

 Maria Novella; the four crowned Saints -SS. quattro Coronati at 

 Gli Scalzi, or the barefooted friars, at Imola ; and the ' Martyrdom of 

 Santa Dorotea,' at the Conventual Friars, at Pescia. Ligozzi executed 

 also many small highly finished easel pictures. Agostino Caracci 

 engraved some of his works. 



LILLO, GEORGE, was born in 1693, and carried on the trade of 

 a jeweller near Moorgate in London. Though educated in the strict 

 principles of the Protestant Dissenters, he produced seven dramas, 

 three of which are printed in every collection of acting plays. He 

 died in 1739. 



In the three plays, ' George Barnwell,' 'Arden of Foversham,' and 

 ' Fatal Curiosity," the author evidently has but one purpose in view, 

 to exhibit the progress from smaller to gr<ater crimes. Thus the 

 impure j assion of Barnwell, the ill-suppressed attachment of Arden's 

 wife for the lover of her youth, and the impatience under poverty of 

 the Wilmots (in 'Fatal Curiosity'), are the three beginnings of vice, 

 all of which terminate in murder. Not only is the purpose of these 

 plays the same, but the same measures are adopted in all for its 

 attainment. In all there is a tempter and a tempted ; the first deter- 

 mined in vice, the latter rather weak than intrinsically vicious : thus 

 Barnwell is led on by Milwood ; Arden's wife by her paramour 

 Mosly ; and Wilmot by his wife Agnes. Now Lillo having an emi- 

 nently tragic idea, and one only, it might easily be inferred that he 

 could write one and only one good drama ; and this was actually the 

 case. His ' Fatal Curiosity ' stands as a masterpiece of simple 

 dramatic construction, and the catastrophe is eminently appalling 

 and tragic. The following is the subject: A man and his. wife, who 

 have formerly been wealthy, but are now sunk to a deplorable state 

 of poverty, receive a stranger who asks for a lodging. Finding that 

 he has wealth about him, they murder him, and afterwards discover 

 that he is their own son, who has been absent many years, and who 

 has concealed his name that he may give his parents a joyful surprise. 

 This simple story is arranged with consummate art, being scarcely 

 inferior in construction to the 'O3dipus Tyrannus' of Sophocles, 

 with which Harris, in hia ' Philological Enquiries," has compared it. 

 He observes that in both, the means apparently tending to happiness 

 (namely, CEdipus sending to the oracle, and Wilmot's son returning) 

 in reality produce misery. The language however is by no means 

 equal to the construction, but is often inflated, and disfigured by con- 

 ventional similes and expressions, which destroy every possibility of 

 enunciating true feeling : characters under the most acute mental 

 agonies seem, strangely enough, to be building elaborate and affected 

 phrases. Still there are passages and touches in the ' Fatal Curiosity ' 

 which show that, had it not been for a defect in taste, Lillo could 

 have taken a high position by this one drama, and revealed many 

 secrets of the human heart. With respect to his other two plays, 

 though the construction of ' George Barnwell ' is skilful, and tho 

 situation in the fifth act of 'Arden ' most powerful, they stand at an 

 immeasurable distance below ' Fatal Curiosity." There are several 

 anecdotes relative to the effect produced by 'George Barnwell 'on 

 young men who have pursued vicious courses and have been reclaimed 

 by this tragedy. It was once usually acted at some of the theatres in 

 London on the night after Christmas, and on Easter Monday, 

 nominally for moral purposes, but really in mere pursuance of an old 

 custom, but the custom ij now pretty well worn out. 



A collection of Lillo's works was published in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1775. 



LILLY, WILLIAM, was born May 1, 1602, at Diseworth, a village 

 of Leicestershire. When eleven years old he was sent to a grammar- 

 school at Ashby-dc-la-Zouch. His parents being poor, he removed to 

 London in 1020, where he became servant to it mantua-maker. This 

 situation he exchanged in 1624 for one of a less menial character. His 

 new employer was master of the Salters' Company, who being unable 

 to write himself, engaged Lilly to keep his accounts, and to perform 

 domestic duties. In 1627 bis master died, whereupon Lilly married 

 tho widow, with whom he received the sum of 1000Z. ; but this lady 

 dying within a few years, he immediately took another wife, and thus 

 augmented his fortune by 5001. In 1632 I e began the study of astro- 



