839 



LIND, JENNY. 



LINDE, SAMUEL BOGUMIL. 



buried in St. Paul's cathedral, where Dr. Caius erected a monument to 

 his memory. 



In his literary character, Linacre holds a high rank among the men 

 of learning in this country. He was one of the first, in conjunction 

 with Colet, Lily, Grocyn, and Latymei-, who revived or rather intro- 

 duced classical learning into England ; and he conferred a benefit on 

 hia profession by translating into Latin several of the best pieces of 

 Galen. These were the treatises 'De Sanitate tueuda,' fol., Par., 

 1517; ' Methodus Medendi,' foL, Par., 1519; ' De Temperamentia,' 4to, 

 Cambr., 1521 (the first book printed in England with types of the 

 Greek characters); ' De Pulsuum Usu,' 4to, Lond., 1522; 'De Natu- 

 ralibus Facultatibus,' 4to, Lond., 1523 ; De Symptomatum Diflerentiis 

 liber unus : Ejusdem de Symptomatum Causis liber tres,' 4to, Lond., 

 1524. In these versions Linacre's style was excellent. 



Linacre's translation of Proclus, ' De Sphsera,' was printed in the 

 ' Ajjtronomi Veteres ' of 1499 ; his translation of Paulus ^Egineta, ' De 

 Crisi et Diebus decretorus, eorumque signis, Fragmentum,' 8vo, Bas., 

 1529. He also wrote a small book upon the Rudiments of Latin 

 Grammar, in English, for the use of the Princess Mary, first printed 

 by Pynson without date, and afterwards translated into Latin by 

 Buchanan. But his most learned work was his treatise ' De Emendata 

 Structura Latini Sermonis libri sex,' printed at London immediately 

 after his death in 1524, and frequently reprinted in later years in the 

 16th century. 



Of Liuacre's talents as a physician no testimony remains except the 

 high repute which he enjoyed. For the excellence of his translations 

 from Galen it may be sufficient to quote the praise of Erasmus, who, 

 writing to a friend, says, " I present you with the works of Galen, 

 now, by the help of Linacre, speaking better Latin than they ever 

 before spoke Greek." 



There are two copies of Linacre's 'Methodus Medendi,' upon vellum, 

 in the British Museum : one a presentation copy to King Henry VIIL, 

 the other to Cardinal Wolsey ; and a dedicatory letter, in manuscript, 

 to Wolsey, precedes, in hit copy, the dedication to Henry VIII. The 

 British Museum also contains the treatise ' De Sanitate tuenda ' upon 

 vellum. This was Wolsey's copy, and has the cardinal's hat illuminated 

 in the title, and a similar dedicatory letter similarly placed. 



(Biogr. Brit. ; Herbert's edition of Ames's Topogr. Antiq. ; Wood, 

 AtAence Oxtm., by Bliss, voL i., col. 42; Tanner, Bibl. rit. Hyb. ; 

 Chalmers, Biogr. Diet.) 



LIND, JEXNY (MADAME GOLDSCHMIDT), was born Oct. 6, 

 1821, in the city of Stockholm, where her father was a teacher of 

 languages, and her mother kept a school for young ladies. Her musical 

 capabilities and her sweet voice attracted notice while she was yet very 

 young, and she obtained admission as a pupil into the Musical Academy, 

 where her progress in the art of singing was extremely rapid and satis- 

 factory. At the age of ten years she was introduced on the stage as a 

 performer of juvenile characters, and continued to sing and act in 

 vaudevilles with great applause till about her twelfth year, when the 

 upper notes of her voice became less plea-ing, and it was deemed 

 advisable to withdraw her from the stage. After an interval of about 

 four years her voice was found to have recovered its tone as well as 

 increased in power, and when she made her appearance as Agatha in 

 the opera of ' Der Freischutz ' she excited the greatest admiration. She 

 was engaged for the opera at Stockholm, and continued to be the 

 leading favourite for three or four years, when she removed to Paris 

 in order to improve herself by taking lessons from Garcia, the cele- 

 brated singing-master. After remaining about a year in Paris she was 

 introduced to Aleyerbeer, who engaged her for the opera at Berlin. It 

 was however deemed advisable to make some preparatory trials before 

 German audiences. Having returned for a short time to Stockholm 

 to complete her engagement there, she repaired in August 1844 to 

 Dresden, where Meyerbeer was then residing. After performing a few 

 characters there with great success, in the summer of 1845 she attended 

 the fetes on the lihiue given by the King of Prussia to Queen Victoria, 

 and sang at Frankfurt and Cologne. In the following winter she came 

 out at Berlin, where she excited the highest enthusiasm, as well as 

 subsequently at Vienna, where she made her first appearance in April 

 1846. On the 4th of May 1847 she appeared for the first time at the 

 Opera House, London, as Alice in Meyerbeer's opera of ' Roberto il 

 Diavolo,' and received the enthusiastic plaudits of an audience crowded 

 to excess. She became the star of the season, filling the house with 

 similar audiences on every night of her appearance. She afterwards 

 sang in the provinces, and was again engaged for the following season 

 in London. She also sang at concerts and oratorios. Her concluding 

 performance in London was on the 9th of May, 1849, in 'Roberto il 

 Diavolo ; ' after which she returned to Germany, and while at Liibeck 

 entered into an engagement with Mr. Barnum, the American speculator, 

 to sing in America. She lauded at New York in September 1850. 

 The applause which she received there and in other cities and towns 

 of the United States was quite an great as it had been in Europe. In 

 June 1851 she concluded her engagement with Mr. Barnum, and com- 

 menced a series of concerts on her own account. In the same year 

 Miss Lind was married to M. Otto Goldschmidt, a skilful performer 

 on the pianoforte. Madame Goldschmidt returned with her husband 

 to Europe in 1852. She has since lived partly in retirement, but has 

 appeared occasionally at concerts in Vienna and elsewhere in Germany, 

 and also in England in the winter of 1855-56. Her voice is a soprano, 



with a compass of nearly two octaves and a half. The upper notes 

 especially are very clear, delicious in tone, flexible, and perfectly at her 

 command. Her acting was also very perfect, particularly iu such 

 characters as Amina in ' La Sonnambula,' Susanna in ' Le Nozze di 

 Figaro," Alice in ' Roberto il Diavolo,' and several others. The private 

 life of this most celebrated of vocalists has always furnished a high 

 example of moral elevation ; but her munificent charities, of which 

 England has received abundantly, have produced a love and veneration 

 for her character as warm as the admiration of her professional talents. 



LINDE, SAMUEL BOGUMIL, the great lexicographer of Poland, 

 was of immediate Swedish descent. His father waa a native of 

 Dalecarlia, who was settled at Thorn in Poland when Liude was born 

 in 1771. After receiving a good education in the schools of Thorn, 

 he was sent, at the age of eighteen, to study 'in the university of 

 Leipzig, where he attracted the favourable notice of Professor August 

 Wilhelm Ernesti, the editor of Livy and Tacitus. " Eruesti," says 

 Linde, in one of the prefaces to his great work, the Polish Dictionary, 

 " struck out for me, without my knowledge, an opening to a career 

 which he thought would be for my benefit. One day he told me, to 

 my great surprise, that he had written some weeks before to Dresden, 

 to recommend that a chair of the Polish language and literature 

 should be entrusted to me at the university of Leipzig. I told him, 

 with some consternation, that I was not well acquainted with Polish ; 

 that all I knew of it was what clung to my memory from the mere 

 intercourse of daily life at Thorn, where I was much neglected, and 

 that if I were made professor I should myself be obliged to begin to 

 learn the language anew from the first rudiments." In the course of 

 1792 however Linde received the appointment, and began to do as he 

 had said. Among the books that he procured from Poland was the 

 ' Powrot Posla ' (' The Deputy's Return '), a satirical play, directed 

 against the national failings of the Poles, which he found so excellent, 

 that, though many passages were beyond his comprehension, he com- 

 menced a translation, with the intention of making use of the original 

 as a book for study with hia pupils. It was lying on his table when 

 two Polish gentlemen called on him, whose attention was at once 

 attracted by the book, and he asked them if they could inform him 

 who was the author of that anonymous masterpiece. One of them, 

 Julian Niemcewicz, replied, " I wrote it." " That moment," Linde 

 afterwards said, was " the decisive moment of my lifo." Niemcewicz 

 became his intimate friend, explained to him the passages that had 

 perplexed him, and introduced him to the society of the other dis- 

 tinguished Poles then living at Leipzig, to which it appears the 

 professor had hitherto had no access. Among them were the Counts 

 Potocki, Kollotaj, and Thaddeus Kosciuszko, some of the most illus- 

 trious names of Poland. Liude, who now first heard hia native 

 idiom from the lips of gentlemen and scholars, became fired with 

 enthusiasm for the Polish language and resolved to devote himself to 

 the production of a great Polish dictionary. He took this resolution 

 at the age of twenty-two ; he published the last volume of his great 

 work twenty-one years after, having worked at it almost unremittingly 

 during the interval. The Dictionary of the Polish Language, ' Slovvnik 

 Jezyka Polakiego," occupies six quarto volumes, of which the first was 

 published at Warsaw in 1807, and the last in 1814. It fills about 

 five thousand quarto pages in closely printed double columns ; to every 

 word is appended an explanation in Polish and German, a comparison 

 with the forma which resemble it in the other Slavonic dialects, and 

 a collection of passages from authors in which it occurs, to amass 

 which Linde read through six or seven hundred of the principal works 

 in Polish, of which ha gives a list in the first volume. It waa the 

 first great dictionary of the Polish language ; it has served as the basis 

 for every subsequent one, and though of course susceptible of improve- 

 ment and augmentations it is not likely to be ever either superseded or 

 surpassed. In the course of its preparation Linde soon resigned the 

 professorship at Leipzig which had first given rise to it, passed some 

 time at Warsaw, then became librarian to Count Ossolinski at Vienna, 

 and had the congenial employment of travelling in Poland to collect 

 Polish books, by which he enriched the library and his Dictionary 

 together, and lastly established himself at Warsaw to superintend the 

 printing, which was carried on in his own house by compositora and 

 pressmen, some of whom had the privilege of immortalising them- 

 selves by affixing their own names at the end. Theae labours were 

 carried on during a stormy period, but the houae in which the Dic- 

 tionary was printing was repeatedly spared by contending armies, and 

 the author received support from the Prussian and the Austrian govern- 

 ments, and in particular from the Russian, as well as from numerous 

 Polish magnates, one of whom, Count Zamoyski, when the works were 

 on one occasion brought to a stand-still by an absolute 'want of 

 pecuniary means, sold a favourite horse and sent the proceeds to the 

 lexicographer. Linde held various appointments connected with the 

 educational establishments of Poland, and waa enabled to introduce 

 extensive reforms. He continued to reside at Warsaw as rector of 

 the Lyceum and principal librarian of the university, during the long 

 period of comparative tranquillity which preceded the insurrection of 

 1830, and though he was elected to the revolutionary diet as member 

 for Praga, was averse to that unfortunate [movement, which he 

 thought ill-timed and likely to issue in nothing but calamity. Fryxell 

 the Swedish historian, who, in hia travels in search of Swedish 

 documents, was surprised to discover that the Polish lexicographer 



