893 



LINDSAY, LORD. 



LINDSEY, REV. THEOPHILUS. 



894 



latterly not so well attended on account of rival shows in the Regent's 

 Park, London, and at the Crystal Palace, and consequently this useful 

 part of the society's labours has recently had to be given up. Its 

 ' Transactions ' and ' Proceedings ' both contain papers by its active 

 assistant secretary. 



Dr. Lindley has received many honours on account of his scientific 

 merits. In 1833 the University of Munich presented him with the 

 degree of Ph. D. He is a Fellow of the Royal Linnsean and Geological 

 Societies. He was one of the early Presidents of the Microscopical 

 Society, and he has been elected honorary or corresponding member 

 of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin, the L'mnceau Society of 

 Stockholm, the Dutch Society of Science, the Royal Prussian Horti- 

 cultural Ssciety, the New York Lyceum of Natural History, the 

 Botanical Society of Ratisbon, and many others. 



LINDSAY, ALEXANDER WILLIAM CRAWFORD, LORD, 

 the eldest son of James Lindsay, twenty-fourth Earl of Crawford and 

 Balcarras, and premier earl of Scotland, was born iu 1812. He was 

 educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, after which he travelled both 

 in Europe and Asia Minor; and in 1838 published 'Letters on Egypt, 

 Edom, and the Holy Land,' in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1841 he published a 

 ' Letter to a Friend on the Evidence and Theory of Christianity." 

 Already he had become strongly imbued with those mystical principles 

 which, originally emanating from the philosophers of the East, have 

 of late been resuscitated and earnestly advocated in the West. The 

 first formal enunciation of his views appeared in his ' Progression by 

 Antigonism, a Theory involving Considerations touching the Present 

 Position, Duties, and Destiny of Great Britain ; ' but the work was 

 rather regarded with curiosity than listened to as authoritative. It 

 was followed by a work of much greater research and value, ' Sketches 

 of the History of Christian Art,' 3 vols. 8vo, 1847. In this Lord 

 Lindsay has undertaken a survey, first, of the various schools of ' Pagan' 

 art, and endeavoured to elucidate the ' idea ' that lies at the base of 

 their several systems of art and gives to each its peculiar expression 

 and value, and at the same time limits its attainments. He then does 

 the same for 'Christian' art, examining with great research and 

 learning its developement in the early and mediaeval periods, and 

 especially investigating the symbolism and ' mythology ' of Christian 

 as distinct from that of classical or pagan art. A full and elaborate 

 clarification of both schools and artists is given ; and, in short, the 

 work, though entitled ' Sketches,' is intended to present a compre- 

 hensive survey of the whole subject taken of course from the author's 

 peculiar point of view. The work is written with very considerable 

 power and eloquence, and will probably maintain by its merits the 

 high place it at first secured by its novelty. Lord Lindsay's subse- 

 quent works have been in a very different line, that, namely, of fumily 

 hi-tory. In 1349 he published the ' Lives of the Lindsays, or, a 

 Memoir of the Houses of CrawforJ and Balcarras,' 3 vols. 8vo, a work 

 of extensive and minute research, admirably written in every respect, 

 and full of interesting matter. He has recently printed another work, 

 but it is merely of private or family interest, being a defence of the 

 claims of his branch of the family to the title. 



LINDSAY, SIR DAVID, a Scottish poet, was born at Garmylton, 

 in Haddini;tonahire, about the end of the 15th century. He inherited 

 from his father the estate of ' The Mount,' in Fifeshire, whence, to 

 distinguish him from many others of the same name, he is usually 

 called Sir David Lindsay of the Mount In the year 1512, he was 

 appointed servitor, or gentleman usher, to the young prince of Scotland, 

 afterwards James V., in which office his duties seem really to have been 

 of a servile kind. There is little doubt that his genius and good- 

 humour must have made him a very animated and delightful companion 

 to his charge. He seems never to have been entrusted with the educa- 

 tion of the prince, which was placed in the hands of a much graver 

 personage Bishop Gavin Dunbar. 



Lindsay's name is connected with a curious and poetical incident. 

 He is the authority on which his kinsman, Lindsay of Pitscottie, in his 

 'Chronicles of Scotland,' describes a spectral apparition which, in 

 1513, appeared to James IV. in the church of Liulithgow, and warned 

 him against that campaign which terminated so fatally in the battle 

 of Flodden. Sir David professed to have seen the apparition approach 

 and vanish, and described him as " ane man clad in a blue gown, beltit 

 about him with a roll of linen cloth, a pair of bootikins on his feet to 

 the great of his legs, with all other clothes conform theret j." 



The ' Dremo,' supposed to be the earliest of his writings, appeared 

 in 1528 ; it is a satire on the times, representing a vision of the punish- 

 ment of the prevailing iniquities in the other world. His principal 

 piece* arc ' Complaint of the Papingo ;' ' Complaint of John the Com- 

 monweil ;' ' History of Squyer Meldrum ;' ' The Monarchic ;' and ' The 

 Play, or Satire on the Three Estates.' There is little sentiment or 

 pathos in Lindsay's poetry a fierce and unscrupulous tone of sarcasm 

 is hU principal quality. All that was powerful in the country came 

 Tinder his lash, and it is one of the most inexplicable circumstances in 

 literary history that he should not have been the victim of his audacity. 

 He particularly excelled in his attacks on the priesthood and the cor- 

 ruptions of the court; and after the Reformation his name was long 

 popular as that of a Protestant champion. ' The Satire on the Three 

 Kstatei' stands half way between the early ' Mysteries' and the dramas 

 of the latter part of the 16th century. It was sometimes acted in the 

 open air, and could not have failed strongly to excite popular feeling 



against the corruptions, civil and ecclesiastical, which it unsparingly 

 expose). "It is a singular proof," says Sir Walter Scott, "of the 

 iberty allowed to such representations at the period, that James V. 

 and his queen repeatedly witnessed a piece in which the corruptions 

 of the existing government and religion were treated with such satirical 

 severity." Another feature that makes the circumstance of Lindsay's 

 jerformances having such an audience, seem strange at the present 

 day, is their broad indecency. It is certainly beyond that of the other 

 writers of the age, for ' Davie Lindsay,' as he was long called in Scot- 

 land, seems to have had an innate liking for what was impure. His 

 ; Squyer Meldrum' is a sort of chivalric history of adventures, some 

 of which exhibit a very loose and dangerous morality. Lindsay held the 

 office of Lord Lyon King at Arms. In 1537 he had the task of preparing 

 some masques or pageants to celebrate the arrival of Mary of Guise, 

 queen of James V. The time of his death is not known, but he is 

 said to have been alive in 1567. 



(Lord Lindsay, Lives of the Lindsays; Irving, Lives of Scottish Poets.) 

 LINDSEY, REV. THEOPHILUS, was the youngest son, by a 

 second marriage, of a respectable mercer and proprietor of salt-works, 

 residing at Middlewicii, in Cheshire, where he was born June 20, 

 1723 (Old Style). He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1741 ; 

 and, after taking his degrees, was elected fallow in 1747, about which 

 time, in his twenty-third year, he commenced his clerical duties at 

 an episcopal chapel iu Spital-square, London. He then became 

 domestic chaplain to Algernon, duke of Somerset, after whose death, 

 lie travelled for two years on the Continent with his son, subsaqueutly 

 Duke of Northumberland. On his return, about 1753, he was pre- 

 sented to the living of Kirkby Wiske, in the North Riding of York- 

 shire ; and in 1756 he removed to that of Piddletown, in Dorsetshire. 

 In 1760 he married a slip-daughter of his intimate friend Archdeacon 

 Blackburne, aud in 1763, chiefly for the sake of enjoying his society, 

 and that of other friends in Yorkshire, he exchanged the living of 

 Piddletown for that of Catterick, which was of inferior value. 



Before this removal Lindsey, who had felt some scruples respecting 

 subscription to the thirty-nine articles even while at Cambridge, began 

 to entertain serious doubts concerning the Trinitarian doctrines of the 

 offices of the Church of England, though, for reasons explained at 

 some length by his principal biographer, on his own authority, he 

 did not deem these a sufficient obstacle to the renewal of his assent 

 to them on entering a new living. In 1769 his anti-Trinitarian 

 opinions received additional strength from the commencement of an 

 intimacy with the Rev. William Turner, a presbyterian minister at 

 Wakefield, and Dr. Priestley, then a Unitarian minister at Leeds, both 

 of whom entertained similar views with himself. While contem- 

 plating the duty of resigning his living, Lindsey was induced to defer 

 that step by an attempt which was made in 1771, by several clergy- 

 men and gentlemen of the learned professions, to obtain relief from 

 parliament in the matter of subscription to the thirty-nine articles, 

 and in which he joined heartily, travelling upwards of 2000 miles in 

 the winter of that year to obtain signatures to the petition which was 

 prepared. The petition was presented on the 6th of February 1772, 

 with nearly 250 signatures ; but, after a spirited debate, its reception 

 was negatived by 217 to 71. It being intended to renew the appli- 

 cation to parliament in the next session, Lindsey still deferred his 

 resignation ; but when the intention was abandoned he began to 

 prepare for that important step, which involved not only severe pecu- 

 niary sacrifices, but also the breaking-off from many esteemed friends. 

 He drew up, in July 1773, a copious and learned 'Apology' for the 

 step he was about to take, which was subsequently published. In the 

 following December, notwithstanding the attempts of his diocesan and 

 others to dissuade him from the step, he formally resigned his con- 

 nection with the Established Church, and, selling the greatest part 

 of his library to meet his pecuniary exigencies, he proceeded to 

 London, which he reached in January 1774. On the 17th of April 

 1774, he began to officiate in a room in Essex-street, Strand, which, 

 by the help of friends, he had been enabled to convert into a 

 temporary chapel. His desire being to deviate as little as possible 

 from the mode of worship adopted in the Church of England, he 

 used .'a liturgy very slightly altered from that modification of the 

 national church-service which had been previously published by Dr. 

 Samuel Clarke; which modified liturgy, as well as his opening 

 sermon, Lindsey published. Being very successful in his efforts to 

 raise a Unitarian congregation, he was able shortly afterwards to com- 

 mence the erection of a more permanent chapel in Essex-street, which 

 was opened in 1778, and which, together with an adjoining residence 

 for the minister, was put in trust for the maintenance of Unitarian 

 worship. His published ' Apology ' having been attacked in print by 

 Mr. Burgh, an Irish M.P., by Mr. Bingham, and by Dr. Randolph, 

 Liudsey published a 'Sequel' to it in 1776, in which he answered 

 those writers. In 1781 he published 'The Catechist, or an Inquiry 

 into the Doctrine of the Scriptures concerning the only True God, 

 and object of Religious Worship;' in 1783, 'An Historical View of 

 the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship from the Reforma- 

 tion to our own times,' an elaborate work, which had been several 

 years in preparation; and in 1785, anonymously, 'An Examination 

 of Mr. Robinson of Cambridge's Plea for the Divinity of our Lord 

 Jesus Christ, by a late member of the University.' In 1788 he pub- 

 lished ' Vindicise Priestleianse,' a defence of his friend Dr. Priestley, 



