L1XGARD. REV. JOHN, D.D. 



LINN.EUS, CARL. 



in the form of an address to the gtudeuta of Oxford and Cambridge ; 

 and this was followed in 1790 by a 'Second Addren to the Students 

 of Oxford and Cumbridge, relating to Jesus Christ, and the origin of 

 the great error* concerning Mm. 1 In 1782 he invited Dr. Disney, 

 who then left the Kutablinhed Church on the same ground* as he had 

 done liimi-elf, to become his colleague in the ministry at Essex-street; 

 and in 1793, on account of age and growing infirmities, he resigned 

 the pastorate entirely into bis hands, publishing on the occasion a 

 farewell discourse (which be felt himself unable to preach), and a 

 retired edition, being the fourth, of bis liturgy. He nevertheless 

 continued to reside at tbe chapel-house, as did his wife after his death. 

 In 1795 he reprinted, with an original preface, tbe 'Letters to a 

 Philosophical Unbeliever,' which Dr. Priestley bad recently published 

 in America in reply to Paine's 'Age of Reason;' and in 1800 be 

 republished in like way another of Priestley's works, on the know- 

 ledge which the Hebrews had of a future state. Lindsey's last work 

 was published in 1802, entitled 'Coo venations on tbe Divine Govern- 

 ment; showing that everything is from Ood, and for good to all.' 

 He died on the 3rd of November 1808, in bis eighty-sixth year, and 

 was buried at Buuhill-fields. Besides copious biographical notices of 

 Lindsey, which were published in tbe ' Monthly Repository ' and 

 Monthly Magazine' of December 1808, the Rev. Thomas Belsham 

 published in 1812 a thick octavo volume of 'Memoirs,' in which he 

 gives a full analysis of his works, and extracts from bis correspond- 

 ence, together with a complete list of bis publications. Two volumes 

 of bis sermons were printed shortly after his death. 



LINQAKD, REV. JOHN, D.D. and LL.D., was born February 5, 

 1771, in tbe city of Winchester. He belonged to a Roman Catholic 

 family in humble circumstance-", and studied at the Roman Catholic 

 College at Douay, in France, whither he was sent by the Roman 

 Catholic Bishop Talbot, and there he remained till the revolutionary 

 troubles obliged the small community to seek shelter in England. 

 After several intermediate removals the college settled at Crook-hall, 

 in the county of Durham, and subsequently at Ushaw, near the city of 

 Durham. Mr. Lingard accompanied the college, and performed tbe 

 duties of some of its offices. He revisited France for a short time 

 during the dangerous period of the revolution, and on one occasion 

 escaped with difficulty from being suspended ' a la lanterne.' In 1805 

 be wrote for the 'Newcastle Courant' a series of letters, which were 

 collected and published under the title of ' Catholic Loyalty vindi- 

 cated,' 12mo. He afterwards wrote several controversial pamphlets, 

 which in 1S13 were published in a volume having the title of ' Tracts 

 on several Subjects connected with the Civil and Religious Principles 

 of tbe Catholics ; ' and be was also the author of ' Catechetical 

 Instructions on the Doctrines and Worship of the Catholic Church,' 

 of which there have been several editions. In 1836 be published 

 anonymously an English translation of the New Testament, which is 

 laid to be accurate and faithful in several passages where the Douay 

 translation is faulty. In 1845 he published the ' History and Anti- 

 quities of the Anglo Saxon Church,' 2 vols. 8vo. 



Dr. Lingard's great work, the ' History of England from tbe First 

 Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary iu 

 1688,' was first published in 6 vols. 4to, London, 1819-25 ; second 

 edition in 14 vols. 8vo, 1823-31 ; fourth edition, in 13 volg. 12mo, 

 1837 ; fifth edition, 10 vols. 8vo, 1849-50 ; and sixth edition, 10 vols, 

 8vo, 1864-55. Dr. Lingard's ' History of England ' is a work of great 

 research, founded on ancient writers and original documents, displaying 

 much erudition and Muteness, and opening fields of inquiry previously 

 unexplored. The narrative is clear, the dates accurately given, and 

 the authorities referred to distinctly. The style is perspicuous, terse, 

 and unostentatious. The work perhaps exhibits too exclusively the 

 great facts and circumstances, military, civil, and ecclesiastical, and 

 enters less than might be desirable into the manners, customs, arts, 

 and condition of the people. In all matters connected with the 

 church the work is, as might have been expected, coloured by the 

 very decided religious opinions of the author; but these are not 

 offensively set forth. 



Dr. Lingard, after tbe completion of bis ' History of England," paid 

 a visit to Rome, where Pope Leo XII. offered to make him a cardinal, 

 but be refused the dignity. He spent the last forty yeanurf his life 

 at Hornby, near Lancaster, where he died July 13, 1851. He was 

 buried in the cemetery of St. Cuthbert's College, at Ushaw, to which 

 institution he bequeathed his library. His latter years were rendered 

 comfortable by the profits of bis ' History,' and a pension of 300/. a 

 year from the Queen for his services to literature. 



L'INGEQNO. fLoici, ANDREA DI.] 



LINLEY, THOMAS, a composer who ranks high in the English 

 school of music, was bom at Wells, about the year 1 725. He was first 

 the pupil of Cbilcot, organist of the abbey, Bath, and finished his 

 studies under Parodies, an eminent Venetian, who had become a resi- 

 dent in this country. Mr. Linley established himself in Bath, where 

 he was much sought after as a teacher, and carried on the concerts in 

 that place, then the resort of all the fashionable world during a part 

 of every year. To the attraction of these, his two daughters, Eliza 

 and Mary, afterwards Mrs. Sheridan and Mrs. Tickell, by their 

 admirable singing, contributed very largely. 



On the retirement of Christopher Smith, who had been Handel's 

 amanuensis, and succeeded him in the management of the London 



oratorios, Mr. l.iuley, by the advice of his son-in-law Mr. Sheridan, 

 united with Mr. Stanley, tbe blind composer, in continuing those per- 

 formances; and on the death of Stanley, Dr. Arnold joined Linley 

 in the same, an undertaking by no means unprofitable in its results. 

 In 1775 he set the music to Sheridan's opera 'The Duenna,' which 

 bad a run unparalleled in dramatic annals ; it was performed seventy- 

 five times during that season. This led to his entering into a treaty 

 to purchase Mr. Garrick's moiety of Dniry-lane theatre; and iu 177'i 

 he, conjointly with Mr. Sheridan, bought two-sevenths of it, for which 

 they paid 20,0002., Dr. Ford taking the other three-fourteenths, and 

 the chief management was entrusted to Sheridan, while to Linley was 

 assigned the direction of the musical department. He now devoted his 

 time to the theatre, and, among other pieces, produced his ' Carnival 

 of Venice ; ' ' Selima and Azor,' from tbe French ; and ' The Camp,' 

 Sheridan's second production. He also added those charming accom- 

 paniments to the airs in ' Tbe Beggars' Opera,' which are still in use. 

 His Six Elegies, written in the early part of his life, contributed iu no 

 small degree to his immediate fame and future fortune ; they were 

 sung by all who could sing, and will continue to be admired by those 

 who have taste enough to appreciate what is at once original, simple, 

 and beautiful. His Twelve Ballads are lovely melodies, but have 

 fallen into temporary neglect like many other excellent English 

 compositions. His madrigal ' Let me careless and unthoughtful 

 lying ' (one of Cowley's Fragments), is a work which certainly bos no 

 superior, if any equal, of tbe sort. 



Mr. Sheridan's political and social engagements having occupied a 

 large portion of the time which, in prudence, ought to have been 

 devoted to the theatre, the management of its details fell much on 

 Mr. Linley; and herein he derived great assistance from his wife, a 

 lady of strong mind and active habits, by whose care the pecuniary 

 affairs of that vast concern were well regulated, so long as she bad 

 any control over them. 



Mr. Linley survived bis two accomplished daughters and several of 

 bis other children. But some years previous to their decease he 

 suffered a shock by the loss of bis eldest sou Thomas Liuley, who was 

 drowned by the upsetting of a boat while on a visit to the Duke of 

 Ancaster, in Lincolnshire, from which and bis subsequent bereave- 

 ments bis mind never entirely recovered. ThU young man, who had 

 just reached bis twenty-second year, possessed genius of a superior 

 order. His musical education was as perfect as his father's and Dr. 

 Boyce's instructions and those of the best masters of Italy and 

 Germany could render it, and he bad given decided proofs of its 

 efficiency when the fatal accident occurred. None out of his own 

 family more lamented the event than his friend the celebrated Mozart, 

 with whom he had lived on the Continent in the closest intimacy, and 

 who always contiuued to mention him in terms of affection and admi- 

 ration. Mr. Linley died in 1795, leaving a widow, a daughter, and 

 two sons, of whom 



WILLIAM LINLEY, born about 1767, and educated at Harrow and 

 St. Paul's schools, was tho younger. Mr. Fox appointed him to a 

 writers-hip at Madras, and be soon rose to the responsible situations 

 of paymaster at Vellore and sub-treasurer at Fort St. George. Ho 

 returned from India early, with an easy independence, and devoted 

 the remainder of his life partly to literary pursuits, but chiefly to 

 music, of which be was passionately fond, a talent for the art coming 

 to him as it were by inheritance. He produced a considerable number 

 of glees, all of them evincing great originality of thought and refined 

 taste, some of which will make him known to posterity. Mr. W. 

 Linley also published, at various periods, a set of Songs, two sets of 

 Canzonets, together with many detached pieces. He was likewise the 

 compiler of the ' Dramatic Songs of Shakspeare,' in two folio volumes, 

 a work of much research and judgment, iu which are several of hia 

 own elegant and sensible compositions. Early in life he wrote two 

 comic operas, which were performed at Drury-Lane Theatre ; also two 

 novels, and several short pieces of poetry. He likewise produced au 

 elegy on the death of bis sister Mrs. Sheridan, part of which is printed 

 in Moore's ' Life of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.' This last survivor 

 of the Linley family died in 1835. 



LINN^US, or VON LINNfi, CARL, was bom at Bashult, in the 

 province of Smaland, in Sweden, May 13, 1707 (Old Style). His father, 

 Nicholas Liunasus, was the assistant clergyman of a small village called 

 Stendrobult, of which Rashult was a hamlet, and is related to have 

 resided in a " delightful spot, on the banks of a fine lake, surrounded 

 by bills and valleys, woods and cultivated ground," where it is believed 

 that the son imbibed in his earliest youth a fondness for the objects of 

 animated nature. His maternal uncle too, who educated him, is said 

 to have been conversant in plants and horticulture; and thus, according 

 to the declaration of Linnaeus himself, be was at once transferred from 

 his cradle to a garden. The father seems to have himself bad some 

 acquaintance with botany, and to have instructed bis boy at a very 

 early age in tbe names of the natural objects which surrounded them. 

 Linmcus however is said to have had little taste for remembering 

 names, and his father found it no easy matter to overcome this 

 inaptitude; be however at lost succeeded, and the consequence was 

 sufficiently conspicuous in the decided turn for nomenclature which 

 the mind of tbe pupil eventually took. Whether in the next stages of 

 learning Linnicus was ill-managed, as he himself thought, or whether 

 the nature of his education at home had rendered him indisposed for 



