LIVIA. 



LOBO, JERQUE. 



HI 



He WM ft nun of considerable learning for his age, and hi* works 

 are Taluable for the historical information which they contain. They 

 contbt 1, of a general history of Europe from th year 863 to the 

 year 044, ' Rerum Oestarum ab Eurcpte Impermtoribiu et Regibus, 

 libri T!.' Luitprand pivrs among otiter things an account of the court 

 of Constantinople at the time of his first minion, and of Basilius and 

 kis too Leo the philosopher. The work conclude* with the council of 

 Rome and the trial and deposition of John XII. 2, 'Legatio Luit 

 prandi Cremonenaii Episcopi ad Nioephoram Phocam.' This is i 

 narratire f his second embassy to Constantinople, in which h 

 describes Phocis in no very flattering colours. The work is very 

 curious. Another work has bran attributed to Luitprand, namely, 

 'Da Pontificum Romanonint Vitia/ but his authorship of it it vory 

 doubtful The beat edition of the works of Luitprand is that of 

 Antwerp, 1840, 'Luitpraodi Opera qua) extant,' with very copious 

 notes, by Jerome do la Higuera and L. Ramirez de Prado, with a 

 dissertation at the end on the Diptychou Tolet mum. 



LIVIA. [AUGUSTUS.] 



I.l'VIUS, with his full name, LU'CIUS LI'VIOS ANDRONI'CUS. 

 was the first person who introduced a regular drama upon the Roman 

 stage. (Liv., vii. 2.) He is said to have been the slave and afterwards 

 the freedman of M. Livius Salinator. The time and place of his birth 

 are uncertain ; but his first play was probably exhibited B.C. 240, in 

 the year before Knnius was born. (Cic., ' Brut,' c. 18 ; ' De Senect,' 

 p. 14 ; ' TuscuL,' i. 1 ; GelL, ' Noct. Attic,' xvii. 21.) We learn from 

 Liry the historian, that he acted in his own pieces, and that after his 

 voice failed him, in consequence of the audience frequently demanding 

 a ropttition of their favourite passages, he introduced a boy to repeat 

 the word*, while he himself pave the proper gesticulations. (Liv., vii. 

 2.) The fragments of his works, which have come down to us, are too 

 few to enable us to form any opinion respecting them : Cicero says 

 that they were not worth being read a second time. ('Brut.,' c. 18.) 

 They were however very popular at the time they were performed, 

 and continued to be read in schools till a much later period. (Hor., 

 Epist* it, i. 69-73.) The hymns of Livius were sung on public occa- 

 sions, in order to avert the threatened anger of the gods. (Liv. zxvii. 

 37.) Festus informs us (under 'Scribos') that the Romans paid 

 distinguished honour to Linus, in consequence of the success which 

 attended their arms in the second Punic War, after the public recitation 

 of a hymn which he had composed. Livius wrote both tragedies and 

 comedies: they appear, if we may judge from their names, to have 

 been chiefly taken from the Greek writers. The titles, which have 

 been preserved, are Achilles, Adonis, ./Egisthus, Ajoz, Andromeda, 

 Antiopa, Centauri, Equus Trojanus, Helena, Hermione, Ino, Lydius, 

 Proteetlaodamia, Screnus, Tereus, Teucer, Virgo. 



LI'VIUS, TITUS, the Roman historian, was born at Patavium 

 (Padua), B.C. 59. We possess very few particulars respecting his life. 

 He appears to have lived at Rome, and to have been ou intimate terms 

 with Augustus, who used, according to Tacitus (' Ann.,' iv. 34), to call 

 him a Pompeian, on account of the praises which he bestowed upon 

 Pompey's party. He also appears to have superintended the studies 

 of Claudius, who was afterwards emperor. (Suet., 'Claud.,' c. 41.) 

 He died A.D. 17, in his seventy-sixth year. 



Livy's great work, which was originally published in 142 books, 

 gave an account of the history of Rome, from the earliest period to 

 the death of Drusus, B.C. 9. Of these books only 35 ore now extant, 

 namely, the first ten, which contain the history of the city to B.C. 293; 

 and from the twenty-first to the forty-fifth inclusive, which commence 

 with the second Punic War, B.C. 218, and continue the history to the 

 conquest of Mac don, B.C. 167. There also exist brief epitomes of the 

 lost books, as well as of those which have come down to us, which 

 have been frequently supposed, though without sufficient reason, to 

 have been compiled by Klurus. We have however only epitomes of 

 140 books; but it has been satisfactorily shown by Sigonius and 

 Drakenborch, on Livy, ' Ep.' 136, that the epitomes of the 136th and 

 137th books have been lost, and that the epitome of the 136th book, 

 as it is called, is in reality the epitome of the 13Sth. Mauy hopes 

 have been entertained at various periods of recovering the lost books 

 of Livy's original work ; but they now appear to be irrevocably lost. 

 Erpenins and others stated that there was a translation of them in 

 Arabic ; but such a translation has never been discovered. The frag- 

 ments of the lost books, which have been preserved by grammarians 

 and other writers, are given in Drakenborch's edition. That portion 

 of Roman history which was contained in the lost books has been 

 written in Latin by Freinsheuiius with considerable diligence, and has 

 been published in the Delphin and Bipont editions, together with the 

 extant books. 



We have no means for ascertaining at what time the whole of the 

 history was completed, though there are indications of the time in 

 which some particular portions were written. Livy (i. 19) mentions 

 the first shutting of the temple of Janus by Augustus after the battle 

 of Actium, u. c. 29 ; whence we may conclude that the first book was 

 written between this year and n. c. 25, when it was closed a second 

 time. Ho rnuxt alo have been engaged on the 59th book after B.C. 18, 

 since the law of Augustus, ' De maritandis ordinibus/ passed in that 

 year, is referred to in the epitome of the 59th book. 



The fame of Livy appears to have been widely extended even during 

 hi* life, if we may believe a story related by Pliny (' Ep./ ii. 8), and 



repeated by Jerome, that a native of Cadis came to Rome with the 

 sole object of seeing the great historian. Tacitus (' Ann./ iv. 84) and 

 Soeoa (' Suasor.,' vii.) among the later Romau writers, speak in the 

 highest terms of the beauty of his style and the fidelity of his history- 

 praises which have been constantly repeated by modern writers. But 

 while most will be ready to admit that his style is eloquent, his narra- 

 tive clear, and his powers of description great and striking, it can 

 scarcely be denied that he was deficient in the first and mo*t import- 

 ant requisites of a faithful historian a love of truth, diligence and 

 care in consulting authorities, and a patient and painstaking examina- 

 tion of conflicting testimonies " In reporting the traditions of the 

 early ages of Rome," as Profesnor Maiden has very justly observed, 

 " he seems less desirous to ascertain the truth than to array the popu- 

 lar story in the most attractive garb. He is not so much an bi- 

 as a poet. As the history advances and the truth of fucU is better 

 aso-rtainoJ, he is of course compelled to record them with greater 

 fidelity ; but still his whole work is a triumphal celebration of the 

 heroic spirit and military glory of Rome." And to that everything 

 else u sacrificed. (See an admirable summary of Livy's chief merits 

 and defects as an historian by Professor Maiden in his ' History of 

 Rome,' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know- 

 ledge/ pp. 39-41.) " To his p-isjion for extolling the military reputa- 

 tion of Rome" (we quote from Maiden) "we owe the comparative 

 neglect of the less popular and less ostentatious subjects of domestic 

 history. Every war and triumph of which any memorial, true or 

 false, existed, is scrupulously registered ; but the original constitution 

 of the state, the divisions of its citizens, their several rights, the con- 

 tests between tbe orders, the constitution of the general or partial 

 assemblies of the people, the powers of the magistrates, tha laws, the 

 jurisprudence, their progressive melioration ; these are subjects on 

 which our information is vague and scanty and ill-couuect-jd. It is 

 evident that to the mind of Livy they possessed comparatively little 

 interest ; and that ou these matters, to say the least, he did not exert 

 himself to correct the errors or supply the defects of the writers who 

 preceded him. He was satisfied if from a popular commotion he 

 could extract tha materials of an eloquent speech. It is a sufficient 

 proof that on this most important portion of Roman history he was 

 really ignorant, that with all his powers of language he docs not 

 convey clear and vivid ideas to the minds of his readers. Who has 

 risen from the perusal of the early books of Livy with the distinct 

 notion of a clieut or of an agrarian law ? " 



In addition to the history of Rome, Livy wrote several other works, 

 which have not comedown to us; amongst which Seneca ('Kp.,' luO) 

 mentions dialogues ou historical and philosophical subjects, and Quin- 

 tilian (' Inst Orator.,' X. 1), a letter to his son, recommending the 

 study of Demosthenes and Cicero. 



The best editions of Livy are those by Crevier, 1735-1740 ; Draken- 

 borch, 1738-1746; Erneiti, 1804 ; Ruperti, 1817 ; During, 1816-1824; 

 Rreysig, 1823-1827 ; Alchefski, 1841, &o. His Roman History has been 

 translated into most European languages; but we are not aware of any 

 onn which gives a faithful representation of the original work. The 

 most esteemed are the translations in German by Wagner, 1776-1782, 

 and Cilano, 1777-1779; in Italian by Niardi, 1575 ; and in French by 

 Dureau de la Malle and Noel, 1810-1812 and 1824. There are Ens-li-h 

 translations by Philemon Holland, 1600 ; Baker, 1797 ; and "a literal 

 translation," which forms four volumes of Holm's 'Classical Library.' 



L'OBEL, or LOBEL, MATTHEW, one of the founders of the 

 science of systematic botany, was born in Flanders in 1558, travelled 

 in various parts of the middle and south of Europe, and finally settled 

 in England, where he became physician to James I. He Is chiefly 

 known now as the author of botanical works illustrated by great num- 

 bers of figures, of which there are above 2000 in his ' 1'lantaruin 

 Historia,' a folio work published at Antwerp in 1576, and still referred 

 to by critical writers ou systematic botany. But his name deserves 

 mention more particularly as that of the first naturalist who devised 

 the present method of arranging plants in their natural orders, rudely 

 indeed, but with sufficient distinctness. la his ' Stirpium nova adver- 

 saria,' published in London in 1570, and dedicated to Queen Elisabeth, 

 he expressly mentions Gramincce, Acori (under whicu Ii-idicctt and 

 Zingiberacem are included), At}>ltodeiea!, Verities or Cichoracecc, Atri- 

 plica or Chenopodiacea;, Brassicce or Crucifcm, Olaucia or Papave- 

 raced, Labiatoe, Atperifolia, Leguminosce, and some others. Lobel 

 died at Higbgate, near London, in 1616. The genus Labtlia was 

 dedicated to him by Liunams. 



LO'BO, JEIIOME, a native of Lisbon, entered the order of tho 

 Jesuits, and became professor in their college at Coimbra, whence he 

 was ordered to the missions in India. He arrived at Uoa in 1622, and 

 after remaining there about a year he volunteered for tlie mission to 

 Abyssinia. The sovereign of that country, whom Lobo calls Sultan 

 Segued, had turned Roman Catholic through the instrumentality of 

 Father Paez, who had gone to Abyssinia in 1603. The connection 

 between Abyssinia and Portugal had begun nearly a century before, 

 when the Negus, or Emperor David, having asked the assistance of 

 the Portuguese against the Moors of Adel, Don Christopher de Gama, 

 one of the son-) of the discoverer Vasco de Gama, was sent from India 

 with 400 men to Abyssinia. [ALVAREZ, FBAAonoo.l Lobo sailed from 

 Goa in 1624, and landed at Pate, on the coast of Mombaza, thinking 

 of reaching Abyssinia by land. The empire of Abyssinia then extended 



