991 



LOLLARD. 



LONDONDERRY, MARQUIS OF. 



922 



that of the Greek fabulist. He may hare been induced to do it by 

 the apparently Asiatic origin of ^Esop and the derivation of his name 

 (from dftci> and if, which to a Greek would seem no forced derivation), 

 and this assumed Asiatic origin might afterwards give riss to his dull 

 buffooneries, his bodily defects, and .'Ethiopia extraction. 



The fables of xEsop have by no means the character of ancient 

 and original Greek compositions. Many of them are strongly marked 

 with an Oriental character. They bear a very striking resemblance 

 to the Indian fables in the ' Panchatantra ; ' they allude to Asiatic 

 manners and customs ; and animals are mentioned in them, which are 

 only found in Upper Asia, as monkeys, peacocks, &c. In the fables 

 of Lokman the same peculiar features frequently occur. Hence we 

 may safely infer that both collections were originally derived from 

 one common source, the Indo-Persiau entertainment of this descrip- 

 tion : from this source certainly came the fabulous work attributed 

 to Syntipas (who was no other than the Sindbad of the ' Arabian 

 Nights'), and other works of that kind, which during the middle ages 

 BO powerfully attracted the attention of Europe. 



(See Boissonnade, ' Prsef. ad Syntipam,' p. vi. ; Grauert, ' De ^Esopo 

 et Fabulis /Esopicis,' Bonnae, 1825.) 



The fables of Lokman show, in many instances, evident marks of a 

 later and traditional origin ; the moral or application is frequently 

 misunderstood, or at least ill adapted to the apologue ; a few ancient 

 expressions had then become obsolete and are interpreted by words 

 of more modern origin ; and the language in general exhibits some 

 slight deviations from grammatical accuracy, and approaches nearer to 

 the modern Arabic idiom ; as for instance, in the use of the oblique 

 case instead of the first ca.se. The style is easy and flowing. The 

 fables have often been reprinted for the use of those who are begin- 

 ning to study the language : after the first edition with a Latin inter- 

 pretation, by Erpenius, Lugd. Batav., 1615 ; the best and latest 

 editions are by Cousin, Paris, 1818 ; Freytag, Bonnie, 1823 ; Roediger, 

 Halis, 1830, &c. 



LOLLARD. The religious sect known as the Lollards, which had 

 numerous adherents in this country towards the close of the 14th 

 century, and differed in many points of doctrine from the Church of 

 Rome, more especially as regarded the mass, extreme unction, and 

 atonement for sin, is frequently said to have taken its name from a 

 Walter Lollard or Lolhard, who was burnt alive for holding heretical 

 doctrines at Cologne in 1322. But it would seem that Walter rather 

 received his name from the sect, than gave a name to it : just as in 

 the ' Prognosticate ' of Johannes Lychtenberger (a work very popular 

 in Germany towards the close of the 15th century), great weight is 

 attached to the predictions of one Reynard Lollard (Reynhardus 

 Lolbardus), who was no doubt so called from the sect to which he 

 belonged. The real origin of the term appears to be the German 

 'lallen,' 'lollen,' or 'lallen,' to sing, with the well-known termination 

 of ' hard ' which a subjoined to so many German words ; and it implied 

 a person who was continually praising God in sacred songs. Lollard 

 subsequently became a term of reproach for all heretics, who were 

 supposed to conceal erroneous doctrines under the appearance of 

 piety; and, in England, at the close of the 14th century, it was given 

 to the followers of Wycliffe. Knighton, noticing the success of that 

 reformer's doctrines (' Twysd. Script.' x. col. 2664) says, " more than 

 half of the people of England in a few years became Lollards." But 

 the term was in use in England before Wycliffe began to preach ; and 

 though the name may have been derived from Germany, it is pS'etty 

 cert tin that the opinions of the English Lollards were very different 

 from those of the German sect. The German Lollards appear to have 

 been pietists, such as have frequently sprung up in the Romish Church, 

 who devoted themselves to a more than usually strict observance of 

 devotional duties and works of charity, mingled with something both 

 of asceticism and iny.-ticiain, but in no way presuming to impeach the 

 doctrines or discipline of the church. The English Lollards on the 

 contrary were filled with what might be properly called 'Protestant' 

 opinions, and they appear to have circulated numerous predictions 

 directed against the higher clergy and the priestly orders, and in 

 process of time they seem to have ventured on political as well as 

 theological prognostications ; and hence numerous acts of parliament 

 and orders in council were directly or indirectly promulgated against 

 them. It seems indeed probable that the Lollard prophecies and 

 traditions served to keep alive among the common people the old 

 Wycliffite doctrines, and thus smoothed the way for the easy progress 

 of the Reformation in England. 



On the Continent the Lollards long remained as a permitted order 

 in the Church. Mosheim, in his ' Ecclesiastical History ' (b. iii., 

 part ii., ch. 2), observes, " Charles, duke of Burgundy, obtained a 

 decree from Sixtus IV., in the year 1472, by which the Cellite, or 

 Lollhards, were admitted among the religious orders, and were with- 

 drawn even from the jurisdiction of the bishops; and Julius II., in 

 the year 1506, conferred on them still greater privileges. Many 

 societies (he adds) of their kind still exist at Cologne and in the cities 

 of the Netherlands, though they have essentially departed from their 

 ancient manner of life." This of course was previous to the French 

 revolution. 



(Furetiere, Dictionnaire Univertcl ; Mosheim, Institutes of Ecde- 

 nutieal Uatory, by Murdock, 8vo, Lond., 1832, vol. ii., pp. 454-456.) 



LOMBARD US, LAMBERT, the designation of a painter whose 



actual name is not known. He is sometimes called Lamprecht Suster- 

 man or Suterman, and, according to some, Lambert Suavius, and also 

 Lamprecht Schwab. The place of his birth is equally unknown ; it 

 is said to be Liege or Amsterdam, more probably Liege, as he settled 

 there after his return from Italy in 1538, and he died there in 1560, 

 aged fifty-four. Vasari mentions Lamberto Lombardo as the most 

 distinguished of all the Flemish painters, and styles him a great 

 letterato, a judicious painter, and an excellent architect; but his 

 account of him is contradictory : he had it from D. Lampsonius, who 

 wrote Lambert's life in Latin; it was published at Bruges in 1565, 

 five years after his death. Lombardus studied under Jan de Mabuse 

 before he visited Italy. Frans Floris, Hubert Golzius, and Willem 

 Key were his scholars. His works consist chiefly of drawings with 

 the pen in chiaroscuro. His coloured paintings are scarce ; there are 

 two of small dimensions in the Gallery of Berlin ; there is a Pieta in 

 the Pinacothek at Muuich, which used to be attributed to Daniele da 

 Volterra. Lambert's style is strictly Italian ; he is said to have studied 

 under Titian at Venice, and he lived some time in Rome. The sur- 

 name of Lombardus was probably given to him by his Flemish coun- 

 trymen on account of his style, which, different from their own, they 

 distinguished as the Lombard style ; Lombardy being formerly the 

 general name for the northern part of Italy. (Vasari, Vite de Pittori, 

 &c. ; Van Mander, Het Lemn der Schilders, &c. ; Saudrart, Teutsche 

 Academie, <Ssc. ; Heineken, Nachriclcten, von Kiinstlern, &<;. ; Fiorillo, 

 OeschicMe de* Zeichnenden Kiinste, <tc.) 



LOMONOSOV, MICHAEL VASILIEVICH, the father of modern 

 Russian poetry and literature, was born in 1711, near ICholmogor, in 

 the government of Archangel. His father, who was a serf of the 

 crown, was by occupation a fisherman, and Michael more than once 

 accompanied him in fishing excursions in the White and Northern 

 seas. The long winters were devoted by him to study, in which he 

 was assisted by the instruction he received from a priest; and although 

 his stock of books was exceedingly liuiiteJ, being nearly confiued to 

 a grammar, a treatise ou arithmetic, and a psalter, he made such 

 diligent use of them, that at last he had them all by heart. What 

 he thus acquired served only to increasa his desire for further infor- 

 mation : he accordingly determined to make his way at ouce to 

 Moscow, to which capital he journeyed in a cart that was conveying 

 thither a load of frozen fish. Having greatly distinguished himself, first 

 in the Zaikonopaski School there, and afterwards iu the University of 

 Kiev, he was sent to complete his education at the Academy of St. 

 Petersburg in 1734, where he applied himself more particularly to 

 mathematics, physics, chemistry, and mineralogy. After two years 

 spent iu those studies he was sent to Marburg, in order that he 

 might perfect himself under the celebrated philosopher Cliristian 

 Wolff, under whom he continued tnrea years, aud then proceeded to 

 Freyburg, for the purpose of acquiring a practical knowledge of 

 metallurgy and mining. Yet although chiefly occupied by such 

 pursuits, he did not neglect literature, but diligently read all the best 

 German poets of that period, and determined to rival thoin. One 

 of his first literary efforts was an ode on the takiug of Khotea, which 

 he seut to tha empress Anne, and which obtained for him general 

 admiration. In the meanwhile he had married during his residence 

 at Marburg, the consequence of which was that he so involved him- 

 self in pecuniary difficulties, that he was obliged to lose no tiina iu 

 returning to his own country. After his arrival at St. Petersburg hs 

 was made an associate of the Academy in 1741 ; and in 1746, pro- 

 fessor of chemistry, besides which other appointments ami honours 

 were conferred upon him, and in 1760 he was made rector of tho 

 gymnasium and university. He died April 4 (16), 1765. 



The complete collection of his works, published by the Academy, 

 which has passed through several editions, extends to sixteen 

 volumes; and the titles alone of his works would serve to show the 

 great range and diversity of Lomonosov's studies. It would in fact 

 be difficult to name any one who can be compared with him for -the 

 eucyclopsedical multifariousuess of his writings. Chronology, history, 

 grammar, rhetoric, criticism, astronomy, physics, chemistry, meteor- 

 ology, poetry all engaged him by turns, and he showed himself 

 competent for all. Later discoveries and improvements in science 

 have of course dimmed the lustre which his writings of that class at 

 first shed upon his name; but the service he rendered to the literature 

 of his country, both by precspt aud example, no length of time can 

 obscure. His grammar entitles him to be considered the legislator of 

 the language, aud as the first who gave regularity aud stability to 

 its elements : iu poetry he has scarcely been surpassed among his 

 countrymen in energy of style aud sublimity of ideas. Polevoi's 

 biographical novel, entitled ' M. V. Lomonosov,' 2 vols. 8vo, 1836, 

 contains, with some admixture of fiction, almost all that can now be 

 collected regarding the life of this remarkable man, together with 

 notices of his chief literary contemporaries. 



LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, MARQUIS OF, was 

 born at the family seat of Mount Stewart, in the county of Down, 

 Ireland, on the ISth of June 1769 (the same year which gave birth to 

 the Duke of Welliugton and to Napoleon Bonaparte). His father, of 

 the same names, after representing the county of Down for many 

 years in the Irish parliament, was made Baron Stewart of London- 

 derry in 1789, Viscount Castlereagh in 1795, Earl of Londonderry in 

 1796, and Marquis of Londonderry in 1816 all in the peerage of 



