833 



LOUIS I. 



LOUIS VII. 



934 



and portrait-busts came more and more to employ his chisel, though 

 not to the exclusion of the ideal. The first to be mentioned of this 

 order is the statue of ' Her Majesty ' (1845), which stands in the centre 

 of the Uoyal Exchange area. The companion statue of Prince Albert 

 which Mr. Lough was commissioned to execute, was placed in 1847 in 

 the great room at ' Lloyds : ' both are works of much merit. In 1848 

 he executed a colossal marble statue of the ' Marquis of Hastings ' for 

 Malta, and a recumbent statue of ' Southey ' for Keswick church. 

 From 1845 to 1856 Mr. Lough contributed nothing to the exhibitions 

 of the Royal Academy, though fully occupied during that period. 

 But to the Great Exhibition of 1851 he sent his vigorous group of 

 ' Fighting Horses,' and from his Shaksperian series (executed for Sir 

 Matthew White Ridley), ' The Jealousy of Oberon,' ' Ariel,' ' Puck,' 

 and ' Titania,' works of much quaint and original fancy ; and a colossal 

 marble group, ' Satan subdued by the Archangel Michael,' in many 

 respects the grandest of his works scarcely suffering even by com- 

 parison with Flaxmau's famous group of a similar subject. Mr. 

 Lough's chief contribution to the Academy exhibition of 1856 was a 

 very admirable posthumous bust of ' Edward Forbes,' one of two 

 executed for the Museum of Practical Geology, and King's College. 

 In the Crystal Palace at Sydenham may be seen casts from his statues 

 of ' Milo,' ' David," ' Satan,' ' Ariel,' ' Titania,' and ' Puck ; ' his fine 

 group of 'The Mourners' a dead warrior by whom a female is 

 kneeling in an agony of grief, while his charger stands beside him 

 with drooping head ; and a bas-relief entitled ' The Apotheosis of 

 Shakspere,' a cast from the original executed in marble for his muni- 

 ficent patron Sir M. W. Kidley, as a frieze for the room in which his 

 series of Shaksperiau statues is placed. 



LOUIS (LnowiG in German, LUDOVICUS in Latin) is the name of 

 many kings of France. Louis I., called ' le Ddbonnaire,' and also 'the 

 Pious,' son of Charlemagne, was made his father's colleague in the 

 empire, A.D. 813, and after the death of Charlemagne, in the following 

 year, he succeeded him as king of France and emperor of the West. 

 Bernard, son of Pepin, elder brother of Louis, had been made by his 

 grandfather king of Italy, or rather Lombardy (" qua: ct Longobardia 

 dicitur " are the expressions of the chroniclers), which kingdom was 

 defined in Charlemagne's will as being bounded by the Ticino and 

 the I'o as far as the territories of Keggio and Bologna. All to the 

 west of the Ticino and south of the Po was then annexed to the 

 French crown. Bernard, having conspired to supplant his uncle in 

 the empire, was seized by order of Louis, and his eyes were put out, 

 in consequence of which be died in a few days. Louis showed great 

 sorrow for this act of cruelty, to which be bud been advised by his 

 courtiers, and he did public penance for it before an assembly of 

 bishops. In the year 820 Louis appointed his son Lotliarius king of 

 Italy and his colleague in the empire. To his son Louis he gave 

 Bavaria, Bohemia, and Carinthia, and to his other son, Pepin, ho gave 

 Aquitaoia. In 830 Lothariu and Pepin revolted against their father, 

 on the plea of the bad conduct of their step-mother Judith of 

 Bavaria, a licentious and ambitious woman. At a diet however which 

 was held at Aix-la Chapelle, the father and sous were reconciled. 

 The sons revolted again in 833, and their father, being forsaken by 

 hi* followers, was obliged to give himself up to his son Lotharius, 

 who took him as prisoner to Soissons, sent the empress Judith to 

 Tortoua, and confined her infant son Charles, afterwards Charles the 

 Bald, the object of the jealousy of his half-brothers, iu a monastery. 

 A meeting of bishops was held at Compiegne, at which the archbishop 

 of Kheims presided, and the unfortunate Louis, being arraigned 

 before it, was found guilty of the murder of his nephew Bernard, and 

 of sundry other offences. Being deposed, he was compelled to do 

 public penance in sackcloth, and was kept in confinement. In the 

 following year however Louis, king of Bavaria, took his father's part, 

 his brother Pepin of Aquitania joined him, and they obliged Lotliarius 

 to deliver up their father, who was reinstated on the imperial throne. 

 Lotharins, after some further resistance, made his submission and 

 returned to Italy. The emperor Louis now assigned to Charles, son 

 of Judith, the kingdom of Neustria, or Eastern France, including 

 Paris and Pepin having died soon after, Aquitania was added to 

 Charles's portion. Lotharius had all Italy, with Provence, Lyon, 

 Suabia, Australia, and Saxony. But Louis of Bavaria claimed all 

 Germany as far as the Rhine, for himself, and invaded Suabia. The 

 emperor Louis marched against him, and a diet was assembled at 

 Worms to judge his rebellious son, but meantime the emperor fell 

 ill, and died in an island of the Rhine near Mainz, in June 840, after 

 ending to his son Lotharius the imperial crown, his sword, and his 

 sceptre. Lotharius was acknowledged as emperor, and after a war 

 against hU brothers, he retained Italy, Provence, Burgundy, and 

 Lorraine. Charles the Bald succeeded his father as king of France, 

 and Lonis of Bavaria had all Germany. Thus was the imperial crown 

 separated from that of France. The emperor Louis was a weak 

 prince. It was under his reign that the fiefs were first made trans- 

 missible by descent, which hitherto had been held for life only. Louis 

 also allowed the popes elect to take possession of their charge without 

 waiting for his confirmation. 



LOUIS II., called ' Le Begue,' or ' The Stammerer,' son of Charles 

 the Bald, succeeded his father on the throne of France in 877. He 

 claimed al-io the imperial crown against his cousin Carloman, son of 

 Louis the German, but with no success. In France also he was opposed 



by several great lords, among others by Boson, the brother of his step- 

 mother, Richilda. In order to conciliate them, he followed the example 

 of his father, by parcelling out the domain of the crown into fiefs in 

 favour of his vassals. He died at Compiegne in 879, at the age of 

 thirty-five, leaving three sons, Louis, Carloman, and Charles, called 

 ' The Simple.' 



LOUIS III. succeeded his father Louis II., together with his brother 

 Carloman. Louis had Neustria, and Carlomau Aquitania. Boson 

 founded the kingdom of Aries, which included Provence, Dauphiny, 

 Lyon, Savoy, and Franche Cerate". The Normans ravaged the northern, 

 coasts of France, where at last they settled. Louis died in 882, and 

 his brother Carloman remained sole king of France. 



LOUIS IV., son of Charles the Simple, ascended the throne of 

 France in 936. He sustained several wars against the emperor Otho I. 

 on the subject of Lotharingia or Lorraine, and also against, the Nor- 

 mans, whose duke William, son of Rollo, died, leaving an infant son, 

 Richard. Louis's reign was also disturbed by revolts of the great 

 vassals, especially of Hugo, count of Laon, the father of Hugo Capet. 

 Louis died in 95i, and was succeeded by his sou Lotharius. 



LOUIS V., styled ' The Faineant,' or ' Do Nothing,' son of Lotha- 

 rius, succeeded him in 986. He reigned only one year, and died of 

 poison, administered, as it was said, by his wife, the daughter of an 

 Aquitauian lord. With him ended the Carlovingian dynasty, and 

 Hugo Capet took possession of the throne. 



LOUIS VI., called ' Le Gros,' son of Philip I., succeeded his father 

 on the throne of France iu 1103. The larger part of the kingdom \vas 

 then iu the hands of the great vassals of the crown, over whom the 

 king's supremacy was but nominal. The king's direct authority 

 extended only over Paris, Orleans, Ktampes, Compiegne, Meluu, 

 Bourges, and a few more towns, with their respective territories. The 

 duchy of Normandy was in the possession of Henry I. of England, 

 who had taken it from his brother Robert during the preceding reign 

 of Philip I. Henry and Louis quarrelled about the limits of their 

 respective states, and thus began the wars between the English and 

 the French in France, which lasted for more than three centuries. 

 Louis had the worst in several encounters. In 1 1 20 he made peace, 

 but war broke out again, when Henry of England was joined by his 

 son-in-law the emperor Henry V., who entered Champagne, where he 

 was met by Louis at the head of all his vassals, lay and ecclesiastical ; 

 even Siiger, abbot of St. Denis, was there with the subjects of the 

 abbey. These united forces are said to have amounted to 200,000 

 men, and the emperor thought it prudent to retire. Louis however 

 could not depend on the same zealous assistance from his vassals iu 

 his quarrel with Henry of England as duke of Normandy, because 

 the vassals considered it as their interest not to increase the power of 

 their king. Meantime Henry of England having given one of his 

 daughters iu marriage to Couan, son of the Duke of Brittany, the latter 

 did homage to Henry for Brittany as a fief of Normandy. Louis le 

 Gros, assisted by his able minister 1'Abbe^ Suger, succeeded iu recover- 

 ing for the crown some of the power which the great vassals had 

 usurped : he revived the practice of Charlemagne of sending into thn 

 provinces commissioners called 'missi dominici,' who watched the 

 judicial proceedings of the great lords in their respective domains, 

 and received appeals and complaints, which they referred to the king 

 for judgment at the great assizes. In most cases however the king 

 had not the power of enforcing his own judgments. But another and 

 a more effective measure of Louis le Gros was the establishment of the 

 communes, for which he deserves to be remembered among the earliest 

 benefactors of the French people. He granted charters to many towns, 

 the inhabitants of which were thereby empowered to choose their 

 local magistrates, and administer the affairs of the community, subject 

 however to the sanction of the king. By this means he began the 

 creation of the third estate, or commons, as a check on the overgrown 

 power of the feudal nobles. Louis le Gros died at Paris in 1137, at 

 the age of sixty, and was buried at St. Denis. He was succeeded by 

 his son Louis VII. 



LOUIS VII., called ' Le Jeune,' son of Louis le Gros, succeeded 

 his father in 1137. He married Eleanor, daughter and heiress of 

 William, duke of Aquitauia, a lady who was handsome and inclined to 

 gallantry. Thibaut, count of Champagne, having revolted against the 

 king, Louis took and burnt his town of Vitry. St. Bernard, abbot of 

 Clairvaux, advised Louis, in order to atone for this cruelty, to go on a 

 crusade ; but the Abbe 1 Suger, who was minister of Louis, and had also 

 served the king's father, opposed this project. The zeal of St. Bernard 

 however prevailed, and the king set off with his wife and a large army 

 in 1147. Suger and Raoul, count of Vermandois, Louis's brother-in- 

 law, were left regents of the kingdom. The crusade proved unsuc- 

 cessful : the Christians were defeated near Damascus, and Louis, after 

 several narrow escapes, returned to France iu 1149. His first act 

 after his arrival was ta repudiate Eleanor, whose conduct during her 

 residence in the East had been improper ; but the bishops, to avoid 

 scandal, dissolved the marriage on the plea that it was not valid 

 because the king and queen were cousins. Suger, who was now dead, 

 had strongly opposed on political grounds the dissolution of the 

 marriage, and the event proved the justness of his foresight, for Elea- 

 nor married Henry of England and Normandy, afterwards Henry II., 

 who by this marriage became possessed of Aquitania, Poitou, Maine, 

 and in fact of one-third of France, comprising the whole maritime 



