M7 



LOUIS PHILIPPE. 



OUTHERBOURG, PHILIP JAMES DE. 



the Bourbon race; and though his father, tho Duo d'Orleans, hod 

 renounced hii title* and hid been enrolled M a citiien under the name 

 of Philip Egalite, hi* ion in tain attempted to diwuade him from 

 returning to Paris, where, having been made the dupe of the revolu- 

 tionary ('arty, and having voted for the death of Louis XVI., ho was 

 dragged to the soufibld in hi* turn, January 21, 1793. For seven 

 months after this date the young duke remained at hi* po>t with the 

 army ; but in the following October the Committee of Public Safety 

 atmimoned before them both the Duo de Chartres, and his faithful 

 friend Duuiourier. Aware of the sanguinary character of the tribunal 

 before which they would have to plead, they Bed to the Belgian fron- 

 tiers, and made their escape into the Netherlands, then in pone ami on 

 of Austria. The Austrian authorities gladly received the fugitives, 

 and evtn offered to bestow on tho duke a commission in their army; 

 but he refused to take up arms against his country, and retired into 

 private life. In April he set out disguised as an English traveller, on 

 a tour through Germany, and journeyed through Liege, Aiz-la-Chapelle, 

 Cologne, and Cobleuz, towards Switzerland. The resources at his 

 command were small, and he was beset by dangers wherever he went. 

 His sUter Adelaide, known in history as Mademoiselle d'Orleans, at 

 the same time fled the country together with Madame de Genlis, and 

 met her brother at Zurich. The authorities of that canton, in fear of 

 the French government, declining to harbour them, the exiles took up 

 their at ode in Zug ; but being discovered, the duke placed his sister 

 and Madame de Genlis in the convent of St. Claire, near Baumgarten, 

 adopted the disguise of a traveller, and started on a fresh journey of 

 dauiii r and adventure. 



His funds were nearly exhausted, when he received from M. de 

 Montesquieu the offer of a poet as professor in the college of Keichenau, 

 cloee l>y the conflux of the Upper and the Lower Uhiue. He at once 

 offered himself for examination, and was accepted, under the assumed 

 name of M. Chabaud, in October 1793. Here he remained eight months, 

 during which he was engaged in lecturing on mathematics and geo- 

 graphy. At this time he accepted the friendly offer of M. de Montesquieu 

 of an asjlum at Baumgarten, where he remained in concealment till 

 the close of 1794. His retreat being again discovered, he next went 

 to Hamburg, in the hope of being able to procure a passage to 

 America : but being disappointed, he crossed over via Copenhagen to 

 Norway, Sweden, and Finland, which he traversed almost entirely on 

 foot, as far as the North Cape. Meantime the course of circumstances 

 at Paris had changed, and the Directory became anxious to compromise 

 matters with the Orleans family, by procuring their voluntary removal 

 to America. For the sake of his two brothers, the Due de Montpensier 

 and the Comte de Beaujolais, who had been thrown into prison as 

 dangerous subjects ; and at the same time in ordi r to procure the 

 restoration of his mother's estates which had been confiscated, 

 Louis Philippe (whom we shall henceforth term the Due d'OrlcSans) 

 accepted a passage to the United States, and having left the Kibe in 

 September 1790, reached Philadelphia, where he was joined by his 

 two brothers. The next year the three brothers spent in travelling 

 through the western provinces of America. In the course of this 

 excursion, the duke gained great repute for bis medical skill, by 

 lancing a vein in his arm in an attack of fever. He afterwards per- 

 formed the same operation for an Indian chief; in reward for which 

 he was allowed to pass tho night upon the large rug at the feet of the 

 wild sovereign and his relatives. Having made the acquaintance of 

 Washington at Mount Vernon, they returned to Philadelphia, whence 

 they proceeded to New Orleans, and thence to Havunnah. Here the 

 Spanish authorities declining to treat them with respect, or even with 

 civility, they went on to the Bahamas, where the Duke of Kent was 

 in command. His Hoyal Highness entertained them with true British 

 cordiality, though he did not feel at liberty to grant them a passage to 

 England in a man-of-war. Accordingly they took ship to New York, 

 and crossing to England in a sailing packet, they landed at Falmouth 

 in February 1800. The royal exiles were welcomed in London by the 

 King, the Prince of Wales, Lord Qrenville, the Marquis of Hastings, 

 and the leaders of the politics and fashion of the day. An Orleans 

 mania prevailed through London, and on invasion of France to effect 

 the restoration of the Bourbons was even talked of. After a short 

 time the brothers settled at Twickenham, in a bouse formerly occupied 

 by General Pollock, and since known as Orleans Lodge. 



The Due de Montpensier, whose health had long been declining, 

 died at Twickenham in May 1807, and was bnried in Westminster 

 Abbey. Soon afterwards the health of the Comtti de Beaujolais failed 

 also, and having gone to a warmer climate in obedience to the order 

 of his physicians, accompanied by the duke hit brother, he died at 

 Malta in 1808. Being now rejoined by his sister, who for fifteen years 

 had lived in retirement in Hungary, and by his mother, whom he mot 

 at Minorca, the Duo d'Orlcans took up his residence at Palermo. It 

 so happened that Ferdinand, king of Naples and Sicily, was dwelling 

 in that city under the protection of the British flag, while Murat 

 occupied his throne in Italy. During his residence there, he gained 

 the affections of the Princess Amelie, the second daughter of the 

 king, to whom ho was married November 25, 1809. For upwards 

 of four years the Due d' Orleans resided at Palermo without taking 

 any part in tho public affairs of Europe, if we except a visit which 

 he paid to Spain in 1810, in the illusive idea that negociations com- 

 menced by the Spanish and English authorities might eventuate in 



an offer on, their part to entrust to his hands the regency of that 

 country. 



hi 1M4 tidings reached Palermo of the downfal of the emperor 

 Napoleon I., and of the intended restoration of the Bourbons. The 

 duke returned to Paris without delay, and was reinstated in his 

 honours and military rank. The return of Napoleon in the early part 

 of the following year again disturbed the tenor of his life ; and having 

 sent away his family to England for safety, the duke took the com- 

 mand of tho army in the north in obedience to the orders of 

 Louis XVIII. Kather than endanger the peace of France by family 

 feuds, he resigned his command in the following March, and retired to 

 Twickenham, whence he returned to Paris after the Hundred Days, 

 in obedience to a decree compelling the attendance of princes of the 

 blood in the Chamber of Peers. He conciliated the popular esteem 

 and respect by liquidating the debts of the Orleans estates, and by other 

 politic measures. Louis Philippe, in his place in parliament, publicly 

 protested against the extreme measures proposed by the government 

 against those who had taken part in the revolution, and procured their 

 rejection. Louis XVIII., who regarded him with especial jealousy, 

 in disgust and revenge, forbade princes of the blood royal to appear 

 in the Chamber of Peers. The Due d'Orleans revenged himself upon 

 the court by entering his son in one of the public colleges as a simple 

 citizen of Paris. He returned to England, and continued to lire in 

 privacy at Twickenham during the remainder of that king's life and 

 tho first few years of the reign of Charles X. He did not return to 

 France until 1S27, when he took up his abode at the palace of Neuilly, 

 where he continued to live in seclusion until the year 1830, when 

 the revolution occurred which ended in his elevation to the throne 

 as King of the French. Charles, whose weakness and duplicity were 

 his ruin, vras now in effect discrowned; and the cause of the elder 

 branch of the Bourbons being pronounced hopeless, the struggle of 

 the three days of July was followed by a provisional government, in 

 which Lafitte, Lafayette, Thiers, and other politicians, took the lead. 

 They naturally turned to the Due d'Orldans, and in the name of 

 the French people offered to him the crown. After a day's delibera- 

 tion he accepted it, and came to Paris on the 81st of July ; and, 

 the preliminary forms having been passed through, on the 9th of 

 August the crown was formally accepted by the Due u'Orldans, 

 who was proclaimed as Louis Philippe. For seventeen years he 

 sat on his elective throne, aud if an increase of the wealth and 

 physical progress of a nation be a test, the results of his reign may 

 be advantageously compared with those of the first empire. Peace 

 was preserved abroad, order was maintained at home, and commerce 

 increased steadily. His foreign policy was in like manner successful : 

 his sons, the Due de Nemours and the Prince de Joiuville, carried the 

 French arms into Algeria ; Abd el-Kader was made a prisoner, and 

 the Bey of Constantino forced to sue for peace, after a spirited 

 resistance, and Algiers became a French military colony. \ 

 king was not popular at home. He was hated alike by the Legiti- 

 mist party, in whose eyes he was but a usurper, and by the revo- 

 lutionists, who sighed for entire emancipation from kingly rule. 

 Besides, there arc deep and dark stains upon tho reign of the 

 "Napoleon of Peace," as Louis Philippe liked to bo called. Ilia 

 reign was a period of corruption in high places, of jealousy and 

 illiberal restriction towards his own subjects, of a fraudulent and 

 heartless policy towards the allies of his country, whose goodwill he 

 more especially forfeited by his over-reaching conduct in regard to the 

 marriage of the Due de Moutpensier to a Spanish princess. And thus 

 it came to pass that the heart of the nation became alienated from 

 their king; aud when a trifling disturbance in February 1848 was 

 aggravated into a popular riot through the audacity of a few ultra- 

 republicans, Louis Philippe felt that he stood alone and unsupported 

 as a constitutional king, both at home and abroad, and that the 

 soldiery were his only means of defence. He shrunk from employing 

 their bayonets against his people : he fell in consequence, and his 

 house fell with him. The king fled in disguise from Paris to the 

 coast of Normandy, aud taking ship again found a safe refuge on tho 

 shores of England, to which his family had already made their escape. 

 He landed at Newhaven, March 3rd 1848. The Queen of England 

 who, in 1843, had enjoyed the hospitality of Louis Philippe at the 

 Chateau d'Eu, bis roval residence near Dieppe, aud who had enter- 

 tained him in tho following your at Windsor, aud conferred on him 

 the order of the Garter immediately assigned Claretnont, near Esher, 

 as a residence for himself aud his exiled family. From the time of his 

 arrival in England, his health began visibly to decline, aud he died on, 

 the 26th of August 1850, in the presence of Queen Auielio aud his 

 family, having dictated to them the conclusion of his memoirs, and 

 having received the last rites aud sacraments of the church at the 

 bands of his chaplain. Ho was buried on the following 2nd of 

 September at tho Koiuan Catholic chapel at Weybridge, Surrey, and 

 an inscription was placed upon bis coffin, stating that his ashes 

 remain there, "Donee Deo adjuvante in patriam avitoa inter cineres 

 transferantur." 



LOUTHERBOURG, PHILIP JAMES DE, a distinguished land- 

 scape painter, born at Strasbourg on the 31st of October 1740, was 

 the son of a miniature painter who died at Paris in 1768. Ho at first 

 studied under Tischbeiu, afterwards under Casanova, whose name as 

 an historical painter was then in great vogue. While his own peculiar 



