867 



LOYOLA, IGNATIUS. 



LOYOLA, 



953 



vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience. The courses are humanities 

 and rhetoric, logic, natural and moral philosophy, metaphysics, and 

 theology (both scholastic, and positive or dogmatic), and the study of 

 the Scriptures. Besides the colleges or seminaries for the society, 

 there are classes and schools for lay or external pupils. Every college 

 is under the direction of a rector, appointed by the general or by the 

 respective provincials, and chosen from the class of coadjutors, and 

 removable at pleasure. The Christian doctrine or Catechism is to be 

 read and explained by the rector. Subsequent regulations were pub- 

 lished at various times concerning the mode of instruction in the 

 ' Ratio Studiorum ' of Acquaviva, and the ' Methodus Docendi et 

 DUcendi a P. Juvencio in usum Magistrorum Societatis Jesu,' which 

 was approved of by the 14th general congregation of the society. 

 Another chapter treats of the universities which belong, or may 

 belong, to the society ; of the faculties of arts, philosophy, and 

 theology ; of the examinatioLS and degrees, &c. The society did not 

 concern itself with the faculties of law and medicine. Part v., ' De 

 iis qua; ad admittendum in corpus Societatis pertinent,' treats of the 

 admission of scholars into the body of the' society, either as profess! 

 or coadjutors. The professi must have studied theology for four 

 years, and be past twenty-five years of age. The formula of the pro- 

 fession is given. The vows taken on making profession before the 

 reverend father-general, ' locum dei tenenti,' or any other superior 

 appointed by him, are perpetual chastity, poverty, obedience, and a 

 peculiar care of the education of youth ; besides which the professi 

 promise an especial obedience to the sovereign pontiff with respect 

 to any missions which he may send them to. This last promise, or 

 TOW, is not made by the coadjutors. Part vi., 'De iis qui admissi et 

 in corpus Societatis cooptati sunt, quod ad i[ surum personas attiuet,' 

 given regulations for the manner of living in the professed houses, 

 which, unlike the colleges, cannot have any property or settled income, 

 but the inmate must live upon the alms given by the faithful. The 

 coadjutors who are not employed in the colleges as rectors or teachers 

 must live in the professed houses of charity, like the professi. The 

 profess! and the coadjutors must renounce all claims to hereditary 

 succession, nor can the society succeed to any of their claims. But 

 there were also lay or secular coadjutors, who took the simple vows, 

 yet continued to enjoy their property, and lived in the world at large. 

 Part viL, ' De iis quae pertinent ad admissos in corpus Societatis, ad 

 prozimoruui utilitatem, in viueam Domini diatribuendos,' treats of 

 the various kinds of missionaries, those sent by order of the pope, and 

 those sent by the general of the society, and gives them directions, 

 Ac. 1'art viii., ' De iis qua: conferunt ad eorum qui dispersi suut cum 

 suo capite, et inter ee, mutuam uniooem,' recommends frequent 

 reports and correspondence between the rectors and provincials and 

 the general, aud between the missionaries and other detached fathers 

 with their respective provincials or other superior, Ac. Every member 

 of the society is to report to his immediate superior any misconduct 

 which he observes in any of his companions. The general receives 

 monthly reports from the provincial?, and quarterly ones from the 

 superiors of professed houses, the rectors of colleges, &c. These 

 reports contain notes on the disposition, capacities, and conduct of 

 the individual members, besides news and occurrences which may 

 affect or interest the body of the society or any part of it. The 

 second chapter of this part treats of the general congregations or 

 representative assemblies of the society ; and it begins by saying, that 

 owing to the regular and constant intercourse and correspondence 

 kept up between the general and the local superiors, the trouble and 

 confusion attending such general assemblies can be in great measure 

 avoided, and they can only be necessary either for the purpose of 

 electing a new general or for deliberating on some very weighty 

 matter concerning the society, such as the dissolution or transfer of 

 its houses and colleges, 4c. In the first case each province deputes 

 its provincial and two more professed members, who are chosen by a 

 provincial congregation, convoked for this special purpose, which 

 provincial congregation consists of all the professi of the province who 

 can conveniently attend, and those coadjutors who are rectors of 

 colleges. In the second case, for purposes of deliberation, the father 

 provincial appoints two of his subordinates, and the general may add 

 some others, making not more than five deputies altogether, for each 

 province. Part ix., ' De iis quse ad caput Societatis et gubernationem 

 ab eo descendentem pertinent,' concerns the qualifications, powers, 

 and duties of the Prsepositus Generalis. The general is for life, 

 resides at Rome, is attended by a monitor and five assistants. From 

 his orders there is no appeal : all are obliged to obey him unhesi- 

 tatingly ; he may expel members, or remove them wherever he pleases, 

 inflict punishments, issue regulations, or alter the existing ones. His 

 power is in fact absolute. Part x., ' De modo quo couseryari et augcri 

 totum corpus Societatis in suo bono statu possit,' contains advice to 

 all and each of the various classes and members, recommending strict 

 discipline, obedience, zealous teaching and preaching; not to seek 

 after dignities or honours, and even to refuse them uuless obliged by 

 the pope ; strict morality, moderation in bodily and mental labour, 

 brotherly charity, tc. 



Lainez, being sent by the pope as his legate to the Council of Trent, 

 was one of the chief advocates of the papal supremacy, and maintained, 

 among other things, against the opinion of the archbishop of Granada 

 and other Spanish prelates, that tho jurisdiction of the bishops and 



their authority over any particular diocese is entirely derived from the 

 pope, who is the fountain-head of all ecclesiastical authority, and that 

 he can give it or suspend "it, or transfer it when he sees fit. Lainez 

 repaired also to the Conference of Poissy, in 1561, where he had to 

 face Beza, and other Calvinist theologians, but his arguments, mixed 

 with coarse vituperations against his antagonists, according to the 

 polemics of the age, produced little effect. About the same time the 

 society, by the influence of the Cardinal de Lorraiue, and after several 

 years' struggle against the University of Paris and the Bishop du Belley, 

 obtained letters patent from Francis II. to open colleges and schools 

 in France. The Jesxiits taught gratis, and the university, whose 

 courses of lectures were paid for, were jealous of them, and attacked 

 them repeatedly before the Parliament as an institution contrary to 

 the laws and dangerous to the state. But this being the time of the 

 great religious and civil war in France, the belief, &ays De Thou, that 

 the Jesuits were born to conquer and destroy Protestantism, made the 

 Parliament and the French prelates wink at their introduction into 

 the kingdom, at least until further deliberation. William Duprat, 

 bishop of Cleraiout, son of the Chancellor Duprat, gave them a house 

 in Paris which they made into a college, called the College of Clermont, 

 and he bequeathed them also 36,000 ileus in his will. 



During the war of the League the Jesuits, like the other monastic 

 orders, with the Sorbonne, and the Parliament of Paris, showed them- 

 selves opposed to the claims of Henri IV. as being a heretic. Even 

 after the abjuration of that prince a fanatic of low birth, called Barriere, 

 conspired to murder him, but was discovered, and it was found that a 

 Capuchin, a Carmelite monk, a curate, and a Jesuit rector of the 

 college at Paris were cognisant of and accessory to the conspiracy, 

 Soon after another fanatic, Jean Chatel, attempted his life, and 

 actually wounded Henri. This young man had studied under the 

 Jesuits, but it was never proved that they had instigated him to the 

 deed. It is true that among the papers of a Jesuit called Guiguard 

 some satirical and abusive expressions against the king were found, 

 which seemed to imply an approbation of the crime. Chatel was 

 broken on the wheel, and Guignard was hanged ; and the Parliament 

 of Paris, already instigated against the Jesuits by the university, 

 decreed their banishment in 1594, which sentence however did not 

 extend to the jurisdictions of the parliaments of Bordeaux aud 

 Toulouse. But at the end of 1603 Henri IV., at the pressing request 

 of the pope, recalled the Jesuits, and on the 2nd of January 1604 the 

 Parliament of Paris registered the king's letters patent for the restora- 

 tion of the Jesuits. From that time they remaiued in France, where 

 they greatly extended the number of their colleges and pupils, though 

 always seen with a jealous eye by many, till their final expulsion in 

 1764. 



The Jesuits found their way into England under Elizabeth, in 

 whose reign several of them were implicated in conspiracies against 

 the queen, for which they were executed. It ought to be noticed 

 however, that De Thou, who is no friend to the society, states that 

 the conspirator Parry, who is said to have been encouraged in his 

 attempt by a Venetian Jesuit, met at Paris the Jesuit Vatz, who 

 earnestly dissuaded him from his purpose, quoting the opinions of other 

 learned men of the society, wno declared that uo reason, political or 

 religious, could justify an attempt ngainst the life of a sovereign, how- 

 ever heretical. This and other similar instances prove that in so 

 numerous a body as that of the Jesuits' society men of various tempers 

 and opinions must be found, some of whom, through a strange casuistry 

 or fanatical zeal, arrived at totally different conclusions from those of 

 the more sober and more honest part of their community. In the 

 reign of James I. the Jesuit Garnet was tried for having parti- 

 cipated in the Gunpowder Plot ; and after exhibiting throughout his 

 examination a great aptitude for equivocation, he was condemned aud 

 executed. 



The missions of the Jesuits form an important part of the history of 

 their society. The firat attempts by Xavier were, premature. He had 

 more zeal than information, and the accounts of his numerous conver- 

 sions ought to be received with caution. The arms of the Portuguese 

 effected more conversions by force in India than Xavier's persuasion, 

 who himself confesses that he could not understaud nor be understood 

 by the natives, though he could baptize them. In Japan, where he 

 went unprotected by a Portuguese force, he failed ; but he served as a 

 pioneer to prepare the way for others better qualified for the task, 

 and the Jesuits formed in time numerous Christian congregations in 

 Japan. The history of tlie Japanese Christians, and their extermina- 

 tion in 1637, is found in Bartoli, 'Historia della Compagnia di Gesu,' 

 'II Giappone, seconda parte de.ll' Asia;' and it forms a narrative of 

 considerable interest, written apparently with great simplicity. The 

 author does not disguise the faults committed by the Christians, which 

 contributed to their ruin. 



In China the Jesuits were likewise successful, and their establish- 

 ment there has been more durable. Bartoli, in another part of the 

 same work, ' La Cina, terza parte dell' Asia,' gives an account of their 

 settlement in that empire, and of their progress ; and further informa- 

 tion is found in the ' Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses.' [HALDE, DTJ.] 

 Between the years 1581 and 1681, one hundred and twenty-six Euro- 

 pean Jesuits were employed in the missions of China, many of them 

 men of intelligence, to whom Europe is indebted for the first authentic 

 information respecting the internal condition of that vast empire. 



