961 



LOYOLA, IGNATIUS. 



LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN WILLIAM, BART. 



902 



foundation, of having concealed sums belonging to the society. No 

 thing however having transpired against him, he was treated with some 

 courtesy and attention, but was kept in confinement till his death, in 

 November 1775. On his death-bed, before receiving the sacrament, he 

 signed a solemn though mild protest on behalf of the extinct society, 

 the conduct of which, he said, to the best of his knowledge, had nol 

 afforded grounds for its etippression, nor had he himself given any 

 reason for his imprisonment : he ended by forgiving sincerely all 

 those who had contributed to both. His remains were buried with 

 all due honour in the church of the Gesu, among those of his 

 predecessors. 



After the society had been suppressed for about thirty years, several 

 attempts were made at the beginning of the present century to re-esta- 

 blish it. Many persons in high stations, frightened at the convulsions 

 which agitated the world, imagined that had the Jesuits continued they 

 might have proved a powerful means for maintaining order and pre- 

 venting revolutions by the moral influence which they had over youth. 

 In 1801, Pius VII. issued a brief, allowing the Jesuits of Russia to live 

 as a society, and to have colleges and schools. Another brief, dated 

 30th of July 1 804, allowed at the request of king Ferdinand of Naples, 

 the opening of schools and colleges by the Jesuits in the kingdom of 

 the Two Sicilies. Lastly, after his restoration, Pius VII. issued a bull, 

 in August 1814, solemnly re-establishing the society as a religious order, 

 under the constitutions of St. Ignatius, and under obedience to the 

 general chosen by it. to be employed in educating youth in any country 

 of which the sovereign shall have previously recalled or consented to 

 receive them : and Pius began by restoring to them their house of the 

 Gesu, and afterwards the Roman college. They have since found their 

 way back, either by open invitation or implied permission, into almost 

 every Roman Catholic country of Europe ; and probably there is no 

 Protestant country in which they are not more or less numerous. 



The act of the 10th Geo. IV., c. 7, which is entitled ' An Act for the 

 Relief of his Majesty's Roman Catholic subjects,' forbids Jesuits, or 

 members of other religious orders, communities, or societies of the 

 Church of Rome, bound by monastic or religious vows, from coming 

 into the realm, uuder pain of being banished from it for life; except 

 natural born subjects, who were out of the realm at the time of the 

 paxsing of the act. Such religious persons may however enter the 

 United Kingdom on obtaining a licence in writing from one of the 

 principal secretaries of state, who is a Protestant, and may stay such 

 time as such secretary shall permit, not exceeding six months, unless 

 the licence is revoked before the end of the six months. The act also 

 makes it a misdemeanour in any Jesuit, or member of other religious 

 body described in the act, to admit, or to aid in or consent to the 

 dmission of, any person within the United Kingdom to be a member 

 of such body ; and any person admitted or becoming a Jesuit, or 

 member of other such body within the United Kingdom, shall, upou 

 conviction, be banished from the United Kingdom for life. It is how- 

 ever provided that nothing in this act shall affect any religious order, 

 community, or establishment consisting of females bound by religious 

 or monastic vows. 



During two centuries and a quarter which elapsed from their 

 foundation to their suppression, the Jesuits rendered great services 

 to education, literature, and the sciences. Throughout all Roman 

 Catholic states they may be said to have established the first rational 

 system of college education. Other orders, such as the fathers of 

 the Christian Doctrine, instituted in 1571, the Clerici Scholarum 

 Piarum, in 1617, and the Brothers of the Christian Schools, or Igno- 

 rantins, in 1679, applied themselves more esptcially to the elementary 

 education of children, though the Jesuits also did not altogether 

 neglect this branch. The colleges of the Jesuits were equally open 

 to the noble and the plebeian, the wealthy and the poor : all were 

 subject to the same discipline, received the same instruction, partook 

 of the same plain but wholesome diet, might attain the same rewards, 

 and were subject to the same punishments. In the school, the 

 refectory, or the play-garden of a Jesuit's college, no one could have 

 distinguished the son of a duke from the son of a peasant. The 

 manners of the Jesuits were singularly pleasing, urbane, and courteous, 

 far retnoveJ from pedantry, moroseness, or affectation. Their pupils, 

 generally speaking, contracted a lasting attachment for their masters. 

 At the time of their suppression the grief of the youths of the various 

 colleges at separating from their teachers was universal and truly 

 affecting. Most of the distinguished men of the 18th century, even 

 those who afterwards turned free-thinkers, and railed at the Jesuits as a 

 society, had received their first education from them ; and some of them 

 have had the frankness to acknowledge the merits of their instructors. 

 The sceptical Lalande paid them an honest tribute of esteem and of 

 regret at their fall : even Voltaire spoke in their defence. Gresset 

 addressed to them a most pathetic valedictory poem, ' Les Adieux.' 

 The bishop De Bausset, in his ' Vie de Fe'ne'lon,' has inserted a most 

 eloquent account of the Institution of tho Jesuits, of their mode of 

 instruction, and of the influence which they had, especially in the 

 towns of France, in preserving social and domestic peace and harmony. 

 For the Jesuits did not exclusively apply themselves to the instruction 

 of youth ; grown-up people voluntarily sought their advice concern- 

 ing their own affairs aod pursuits in life, which they always freely 

 bestowed; they encouraged the timid and weak, they directed the 

 dinheartened and the forsaken towards now paths for which they saw 



BIOO. DIV. VOL. lU. 



that they were qualified ; and whenever they perceived abilities, good 

 will, and honesty, they were sure to lend a helping hand. The doors 

 of the cells of the older professed fathers were often tapped at by 

 trembling hands, and admittance was never refused to the unfortunate. 

 In private life at least, whatever may have been the case in courtly 

 politics, their advice was generally disinterested. It has been said 

 that they excelled in the art of taming man, which they effected, not 

 by violence, not by force, but by persuasion, by kindness, and by 

 appealing to the feelings of their pupils. If ever mankind could be 

 happy in a state of mental subordination and tutelage under kind and 

 considerate guardians, the Jesuits were the men to produce this result; 

 hut they ultimately failed. The human mind is in its nature aspiring, 

 and cannot be permanently controlled ; it cannot be fashioned to ono 

 universal measure ; and sooner or later it will elude the grasp of any 

 system, whether military or political, ecclesiastical or philosophical, 

 and will seek, at any cost, to gratify its instinctive desire for freedom. 



Among the members of their own society the Jesuits have had 

 distinguished men in almost every branch of learning. In the mathe- 

 matical sciences we may mention, among others, Jacquier, Le Sueur, 

 Boscovich, and Le Maire; in classical literature, Petau, Sirmond, 

 Jouvency, Lagomartino, Tursellini, &c. ; in general literature, Possevin, 

 Bettinelli, Tiraboschi ; in ecclesiastical learning and sacred oratory, 

 Bdlarujino, Pallaviciuo, Segneri, Bourclaloue ; iu Oriental philology, 

 Kircher, Ignazio Rossi, Amiot, Gaubil, &c. The ' Fasti Societatis 

 Jesu/ the ' Acta Sanctorum S. J.,' the numerous letters and memoirs 

 of the various missions, may be consulted in order to judge of the 

 value of Jesuit learning and labour. 



* LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN WILLIAM, BAKT., a distinguished 

 mathematician and physical astronomer, the only child of the lato 

 Sir J. W. Lubbock, Bart., merchant and banker of London, was born 

 on the 26th of March 1803, and succeeded to the title as third baronet 

 on the demise of his father iu 1840. He was educated at Trinity 

 College, Cambridge, where he graduated as M.A. iu 1825. He was 

 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on the 15th of January 1829, 

 and on the 30th of November of the following year was elected a 

 member of tho council and treasurer of the society. This officer, 

 being also nominated, together with other members of tho council, to 

 the office of vice-president, appears by recent usage which seems to 

 have commenced with Sir J. \V. Lubbock, under the presidency of his 

 late Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex to act as the senior vice- 

 president, in a more particular manner representing the president iu 

 bis absence in conducting the affairs of the society. He continued to 

 be annually re-elected the treasurer till the year 1835, and subse- 

 quently from 1838 to 1845, thus having retained the office for twelve 

 years, being a longer term than any of his predecessors during the 

 present century. In the first charters, dated in 1837, of the University 

 of London, he is appointed one of the Fellows, and also the first vice- 

 chancellor, an office which he resigned iu 1842, retaining as a Fellow 

 bis seat in the senate. 



Sir John Lubbock is the author of numerous papers, chiefly relating 

 to the principal subjects of science to which, iu honourable union with 

 the pursuits of commerce, he has devoted himself, in the ' Memoirs of 

 the Royal Astronomical Society,' and in the ' Philosophical Trans- 

 actions of the Royal Society.' One of his earliest papers, ' On the 

 Determination of the Orbit of a Comet,' was read before the former 

 body on the 9th of January 1829, and is contained in the fourth 

 volume of the 'Memoirs.' His first paper in the 'Philosophical 

 Transactions * appears in the volume for 1830, under the title ' On the 

 Pendulum,' and relates to the theory of the convertible form of that 

 nstrutnent, originally suggested iu 1811 by Professor Bohnenherger of 

 Tubingen, but which was first produced independently by the late 

 Japtaiu Kater. The author in this paper, after noticing what had 

 aeen done by Laplace and Whewell, attempts to discuss for the first 

 amo all the circumstances then known to affect the accuracy of 

 Captain Kater's method, treating the question with the utmost gene- 

 rality, endeavouring to render the theory of the convertible pen- 

 dulum as perfect as the method of observation. But Sir John 

 Lubbock's more considerable investigations have related to the 

 Planetary and Lunar theory, and to the Tides. His ' Researches in 

 Physical Astronomy,' embracing the former subjects, were first pub- 

 '.ished in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' commencing with a paper 

 ,n the volume for 1830, in which it is shown that the conditions 

 relative to the disturbing forces under which Laplace had demon- 

 strated that the stability of the planetary system is always eventually 

 >reserved, are not necessary to the stability of a system of bodies 

 subject to the law of attraction which governs our system ; but that 

 ;he variations of the elliptic constants are all periodic, and "oscillate 

 ,herefore within certain limits. This theorem is no longer true if the 

 ilanet moves in a resisting medium." 



The second paper in the same volume consists of two parts ' Ou 

 ,he Precession of the Equinoxes,' and ' On the Theory of tho Motion 

 of the Plauets,' in continuation. In the first part the author extends 

 lis former conclusions regarding the stability of the system to the 

 >roblem of the Precession of the Equinoxes, understanding that 

 stability to mean, in this case, "that the pole of the axis of rotation 

 ms always nearly the same geographical latitude, and that the angular 

 velocity of rotation and the obliquity of the ecliptic vary within small 

 iiuits, and that its variation is periodical." 



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