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LUCULLUS, LUCIUS LtCINIUS. 



LUDWIG I. 



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of notice are the English by Creech (frequently printed), by Mason 

 Good, with the Latin text and numerous notes of little value, in 2 

 vole. 4to, 1805 (the metrical version forms a volume of 'Bonn's Classical 

 Library'), and by Thomas Busby, 2 vols. 4to, 1813; the French by 

 Lagrange, with the Latin text, 1799, and much better by De Porgen- 

 ville, 1823 ; the German by Meinecke, 1795, and by Knebel, 1821 and 

 1831 ; and the Italian by Marchetti, 1717, frequently reprinted. 



LUCULLUS, LU'CIUS LICI'NIUS, descended from a distinguished 

 Roman family, was born about B.C. 115, and served under Sulla in 

 the Marvian war. Sulla had a very high opinion of the talents and 

 integrity of Lucullus, and employed him, though he was very young, 

 in many important enterprises. Whflst Sulla was besieging Athens 

 (RC. 87), Lucullus was sent into Egypt and Africa to collect a fleet ; 

 and after the conclusion of the war with Mithridate?, he was left in 

 Am to collect the money which Sulla had imposed upon the conquered 

 states. So great was the regard that Sulla had for Lucullus, that he 

 dedicated his Commentaries to him, and in his last will made him 

 gu.irdian to big son. 



In B.C. 74, Lucullus was elected consul, and was appointed to the 

 command in the war against Mithridates. During the following eight 

 years he was entirely engaged in conducting this war ; and in a series 

 of brilliant campaigns completely defeated Mithridates and his 

 powerful son-in-law Tigranea. In B.C. 73 he defeated Mithridates at 

 Cyziciu on the Propontis, and in the following year again conquered 

 him at C'abiri, on the borders of Pontus and Armenia. In B.C. 69 he 

 marched into Armenia against Tigranes, who had espoused the cause 

 of his father in-law ; and completely defeated his forces near Tigra- 

 nocerta in Armenia. He followed np his victory by the capture of 

 Tigranocerta, and in the following year also took Niaibis, in the north 

 part of Mesopotamia ; but was not able to derive all the advantages 

 he might have done from liis victories, in consequence of the mutinous 

 disposition of his soldiers. Lucullus never appears to have been a 

 favourite with hia troops ; and their disaffection was increased by the 

 actaof Clodius, whoae sister Lucullus had married. The popular party 

 at home were not slow in attacking a general who had been the 

 personal friend of Sulla, and who was known to be a powerful sup- 

 porter of the patrician party. They accused him of protracting the 

 war on account of the facilities it afforded him of acquiring wealth; 

 and eventually carried a measure by which he was removed from the 

 command, and succeeded by Pompey, B.C. 66. 



The senate, aays Plutarch, bad looked forward to Lucullus as likely 

 to prove a most powerful supporter of the patrician order ; but in 

 thin they were disappointed ; for Lucullus on his return to Rome 

 took no part in public affairs, and parsed the remainder of his life in 

 retirement The immense fortune which he had amassed during his 

 command in Asia he employed in the erection of most magnificent 

 villa-t near Naples and Tusculum ; and he lived in a style of magni- 

 ficence and luxury which appears to have astonished even the most 

 wealthy of his contemporaries. Lucullus was a man of refined taste 

 and liberal education ; he wrote in hia youth the history of the 

 Marsian war in Greek (Plutarch, ' Luc.,' c. i. ; compare Cic. ' Ad. Alt,' 

 i. 12), and waa a warm supporter of learning and the arts. His houses 

 were decorated with the most costly paintings and statues, and his 

 library, which he had collected at an immense expense, was open to 

 nil learned men. He lived on intimate terms with Cicero, who hag 

 highly praiaed his learning, and inscribed one of his books with the 

 name of hia friend, namely, the fourth book of hia 'Academical 

 Questions,' in which he makes Lucullua defend the philosophical 

 opinions of the Old Academy. 



It ia said that during the latter years of hia life Lucullus lost his 

 senses, and that hia brother had the care of his estate. 



LUDLOW, EDMDND, was born at Maiden-Bradley in Wiltshire, 

 about 1620. Hia father, Sir Henry Ludlow, a considerable landed 

 proprietor in that county, and its representative in the Long Parlia- 

 ment, waa an advocate of the democratic cause, which was likewise 

 eagerly espoused by hia son. Edmund Ludlow volunteered in Essex's 

 army, and first engaged the king's forces at the battle of Edge-hill 

 (1042): from this time, with only occasional interruptions, he filled 

 such stations, military or civil, as rendered him an important partisan. 

 He denounced the misgovernment of the king, and sought the destruc- 

 tion of the monarchy and the establishment of a commonwealth. He 

 waa one of the most active assistants in Colonel Pride's purge, one of 

 the foremost of the king's judges, and one of the most eager voters 

 for the annihilation of the House of Peers. His independence rendered 

 him obnoxious to Cromwell, who, to impair his influence, sent him to 

 Ireland with a military command (1650) : a politic expedient, since 

 when Cromwell assumed the authority of Protector, Ludlow loudly 

 protested against big elevation, and if he had been in England might 

 possibly have impeded it Consistent in his advocacy of an equal 

 commonwealth, he refused, when he left Ireland, to yield Cromwell 

 an unqualified submission. He waa regarded with jealousy on 

 Account of thia refusal, and security was required that he should not 

 act in hoetility to the government His brother, Thomas Ludlow, 

 privately furnished the security, and Ludlow retired into Esaex, 

 where he resided until Oliver Cromwell's death. He then resumed 

 hia public courae; waa active in parliament in the Committee of 

 Safety, in the council of state, and again received a command of 

 troopi in Ireland. Accusations were afterwards brought against him 



by the council of officers ; he was called au opponent of the interests 

 of the army, and charged with high treason. In consequence of 

 these charges he travelled to London, resumed his seat in parliament, 

 and there offered to enter on his defence ; but such was the state of 

 confusion at this time, Monk and his forces being daily expected in 

 London, that he was neither heard nor were the proceedings against 

 him advanced any further. When the king was restored, Ludlow, 

 justly estimating his insecurity, fled the country ; and after narrowly 

 escaping capture, landed at Dieppe, in September 1660. From Dieppe 

 he went to Switzerland, and having visited Geneva and Berne, resided 

 principally at Vevay. In 16S9, wearied with exile, he returned to 

 England, hoping that his offences as a republican were either forgotten 

 or forgiven ; but he was disappointed ; an arrest was threatened, and 

 he was compelled again to fly to Vevay, where he died in 1693, aged 

 seventy-three years. His memoirs were written in Switzerland, and 

 first printed at Vevay, two volumes in 1698, and a third iu the 

 following year. (Ludlow, Memoirs.) 



LUDOLPHUS, JOB (the Latinised form of his real name LEUTHOLF), 

 was born at Erfurt, the 15th of June 1C24, and was educated at the 

 University of Leyden, where he principally studied jurisprudence 

 and the Oriental languages. After leaving Leyden, he remained for 

 some time in Paris as tutor to the sons of the Swedish ambassador. 

 In 1652 he removed to the court of the Duk of Saxe-Gotha, in order 

 to superintend the education of the duke's children. During the 

 latter part of his life he resided at Fraukfurt-ou-the-Hain, where he 

 died ou the 8th of April, 1704. 



Ludolphus was one of the most emiuent Oriental scholars of his 

 age, and appears to have been the first European who acquired a 

 knowledge of the Ethiopia language, which he learnt with the assist- 

 ance of a native of Abyssinia. He published at London, in 1661, a 

 dictionary and grammar of this language; but a much improved 

 edition of the dictionary appeared at Frankfurt in 1698, and of the 

 grammar in 1702. Ludolphus also paid great attention to the - 

 Amharic language, of which he published a dictionary and grammar 

 in 1698. 



The most important of Ludolphua's other works are : ' Historia 

 /Ethiopica, sive Descriptio Regni Habessinorum, quod vulgo male 

 Presbyteri Johannis vocatur," Frankfurt, 1681 ; 'Ad Historiam /Ethio- 

 picam Commeutarius," Frankfurt, 1691 (there is an English edition of 

 the 'History of Ethiopia'); 'Kelatio Nova de hodierno Habessinue 

 statu ex India nuper allata,' Frankfurt, 1693; 'Appendix Seeuuda ad 

 Historiam yEthiopicam, continens Dissertatiouem de Locustia," Frauk- 

 f'urt, lt>94 ; ' Epistola yEthiopice ad universam Habessinorum gentem 

 scripta,' Frankfurt, 1683 ; ' Epiotolos Samaritans Sichemitarum ad 

 Ludolphurn,' with a Latin translation and notes, 1688 ; and a transla- 

 tion of the Psalms into Ethiopic, Frankfurt, 1701. 



* LUDWIG (or LOUIS) I., KARL AUGUST, King of Bavaria, 

 was born August 25, 1786, the son of his predecessor, King Maxi- 

 milian Joseph. He studied at the universities of Landshut and 

 Gottingen, and served in the campaign against Austria, in the Tyrol, 

 in 1809, but took no part in the subsequent war on account of weak 

 bodily health. In 1810 he married the Princess Therese of Saxe- 

 Hildburghausen, who died in 1854. As crown prince he took little 

 part in state-affairs, but lived in comparative retirement, and on an 

 economic scale, which enabled him to devote much of his income to 

 the development of his favourite plans for the encouragement of the 

 fine arts, particularly architecture. He built the Glyptothek for the 

 reception of his art treasures; and on ascending the throne in 1825, 

 he carried his principles of economy into the management of state 

 affairs, and introduced many reforms. The commercial laws were 

 simplified, and the restrictions on the press made less stringent His 

 taste for the arts had also now a wider scope given to it : he invited 

 men eminent for their learning or artistic talents to Munich, removed 

 the University of Laudshut to Munich, and reorganised the Academy 

 of Arts. Among the artists were Kleuze, Gartner, Cornelius, Schnorr, 

 Schwanthaler, Kaulbacb, and others. Many magnificent works were 

 undertaken, among them the Piuakothek, the Udeou, the war-otlice, 

 the royal palace, a new street, the Liuden-strasse, and several churches 

 (particularly the Allerheiligen Kapelle) in Munich ; the Walhalla, 

 near Ratisbon, and the Ludwigs-canal. His desire was to have speci- 

 mens of every kind of architecture, but though many of tho buildings 

 are noble examples, the aim at variety has not been successful. All 

 the buildings have been enriched and adorned by the sculptors and 

 painters he had collected around him : and it is not too much to say 

 that the comparatively lost arts of fresco and encaustic painting were re- 

 discovered and perfected through his very liberal patrouage, while that 

 of painting on glass was very greatly improved. But not only did 

 he thus win the title of the most munificent patron of art among 

 modern sovereigns, but his example excited a general feeling of 

 emulation throughout Germany, and the influence of the Munich 

 school of art was felt throughout Europe. Ho also figured as a poet, 

 publishing his collected works in 3 vols. 1839, which, though uot 

 invariably adhering to the rules of art, bear testimonies of good 

 feeling and some poetic talent. The first years of his reign thus gave 

 great hopes to his subjects, and the attention of all Germany was 

 directed towards him, but, later on, hia extravagant zeal for the 

 restoration of conventual establishments, and the part he took in the 

 political affairs in Europe, as well as an attachment ho had formed for 



