973 



LULLY, JEAN-BAPTISTE. 



LUNDIN, SIR ALAN. 



974 





assertion that St. Luke was not an eye-witness himself, but that he 

 derived his information from others who were eye-witnesses. 



In Act* XL 28, the Cambridge Manuscript has a Tarious reading, 

 " and when we were gathered together, there stood up," &c., which, if 

 admitted, would prove that Luke was connected with the Church at 

 -Antioch about A.D. 42; but this reading ia not usually accounted of 

 any great authority. 



The first distinct mention of Luke in the New Testament is in 

 Acta xyi. 10,11, where, in relating the vision which Paul saw atTroas, 

 the writer suddenly begins to use the first person plural, whence it is 

 inferred that Luke here joined the apostle (about A.D. 53), whom he 

 accompanied to Philippi (ver. 12). He seems to have remained at 

 Philippi during Paul's journey to Athens and Corinth, for he drops 

 the first person at ver. 17, and does not resume it till he relates Paul's 

 return to Philippi (xx. 5, 6). From this time it appears from the 

 Acta that Luke was Paul's constant companion till his arrival at Home 

 (about A.D. 61 or 63), where he remained with the apostle for some 

 time, probably during Paul's first imprisonment. He is mentioned 

 more than once in Paul's Epistles written during this period. (CoL 

 iv. 14 ; 2 Tim. iv. 2 ; Philem. v. 24.) Some suppose him to be " the 

 brother whose praise is in all the churches," mentioned in the Epistle 

 to the Corinthians (viii. 18 ; xii. 18). Besides his intimacy with Paul, 

 he ii said by Irenaeus, Euaebius, Jerome, and other early writers, to 

 have had a considerable acquaintance with the rest of the apostles ; 

 indeed they often speak of Luke and Mark as disciples of the apostles, 

 undistinguished from John and Matthew, who were disciples of Christ. . 



Respecting the eud of Luke's life, the tradition is that, after Paul's 

 liberation from his first imprisonment, he retired to Achaia, where he 

 resided some few yean, wrote his Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, 

 and died at an advanced age (some say eighty, others eighty-four 

 years), probably by a natural death, as we have no mention of his 

 martyrdom. 



LULLY, or LULLI, JEAN-BAPTISTE, the father of French 

 dramatic music, was the son of a miller, and born at Florence in 1633. 

 Showing in his infant years a strong propensity for music, a kind- 

 hearted monk taught him the use of the guitar, an instrument then 

 aa common in Italy at it is now in Spain. Having attracted the notice 

 of the Chevalier Guise, be was by that nobleman recommended to 

 Mademoiselle de Montpensier, niece of Louis XIV., as a page, and 

 sent to Paris in his fourteenth year ; but his ready wit and talent 

 found no favour in the eyes of the princess, for they were not set off 

 by either a good figure or a pleasing countenance ; he was placed 

 therefore in the kitchen, and commenced his life of activity in the 

 humble capacity of marmiton, or scullion. This degradation however 

 <lid not much discourage him. He had previously acquired some 

 knowledge of the violin, and now dedicated every spare moment to it. 

 His devotion and industry were crowned with success. The report of 

 )iia skill quickly ascended to the apartments of the princess, who 

 placed him under an able master, and he soon was numbered among 

 tliu king's twenty-four violins. He now aspired to the rank of com- 

 poser, and having produced some aira which " with ravished ears the 

 monarch heard," he was individually summoned into the royal 

 presence, commanded to perform himself the compositions which had 

 excited so much pleasure, and from that moment the road to pro- 

 motion and honour was opened to him. He was immediately placed 

 at the head of a new baud, denominated ' Lea Petita Yiolous,' which 

 toon eclipsed the famous Bande des Vingt-Quatre. 



Lully now waa engaged to write music for the Ballets, entertain- 

 ment* of a mixed kind much admired at court. But Louis, ambitious 

 of rivalling the grand operas not long before established at Yenice, 

 and encouraged in his design by the Cardinal Mazarin, founded in 

 1069 the Academic Koyale do Musique, an institution which has ever 

 since continued to flourish. At the head of this, Lully, who had been 

 appointed Surintendant de la Musique de la Chambre du Hoi, was 

 toon placed, and being associated with Quiuault, the admirable lyric 

 poet, carried into effect the king'a wishes to their utmost extent. His 

 abilities and exertions were not suffered to remain unrewarded : 

 betides the glory of complete success he acquired a handsome fortune, 

 and waa raised to the honourable rank of Secretaire du Roi. The 

 proud secretaires hesitated at admitting a marmiton into their num- 

 ber. Lully complained to the king. " I have honoured them, not 

 you," said the monarch, " by putting a man of genius among them." 



On the recovery of Louis from a severe operation Lully composed a 

 Te Deum, and during a rehearsal of it, while beating the time to the 

 band with bis cane, he struck his foot a violent blow, which was 

 followed by serious consequences, and having put himself into the 

 hands of a quack, his life paid the forfeit of his credulity. He died in 

 Parit in 1687, where, in the church des Petits Peres, his family 

 erected a splendid monument to his memory. In his last illness he 

 was attended by a priest, who refused him the consolations of the 

 Church unless he contented to destroy the opera on which he was 

 engaged. He complied : the manuscript was committed to the flames. 

 A friend, entering shortly after, reproached him for having listened to 

 a dreaming Jansenist. "Hush ! hush ! " whispered the composer, "I 

 have another fair copy of the work in my drawer." As a composer, 

 Lully takes a very high rank. To him music is indebted for some of 

 its greatest improvements, and his works display genius tempered by 

 sound judgment. Even Handel acknowledged that he modelled his 



overtures after those of Lully; and Purcell did not hesitate to profit 

 by many hints afforded by the nineteen operas composed by the 

 favourite of Louis le Grand. 



LULLY, RAYMUND, surnamed the 'Enlightened Doctor,' was 

 born at Palma, in the island of Majorca, iu 1234. In early Ufa he 

 followed his paternal profession of arms iu the service of the king of 

 Aragon, and abandoned himself to all the licence of a soldier's life. 

 Passing from extreme to extreme, Lully subsequently retired to a 

 desert, where he pursued a life of solitude and rigorous asceticism. 

 Here he pretended to have had visions, and, among others, a mani- 

 festation of Christ on the cross, who called him to his service and the 

 conversion of the Mohammedans. 



Hereupon Lully divided all his property among the poor ; and in 

 his thirtieth year he began to prepare himself, by diligent study, for 

 the labours and duties of a missionary. Learning Arabic from a slave, 

 he read in that language several philosophical works, the perusal of 

 which, iu all probability, suggested those new views of grammar and 

 dialectics by means of which he hoped to reform science, and thereby 

 the world itself. Full of this idea he had a second vision of the 

 Saviour in the semblance of a fiery seraph, by whom he was expressly 

 enjoined to commit to writing and to publish the treatise, to which he 

 himself gave the name of ' Ars Lulla," but which his followers and 

 admirers dignified by the title of the 'Great Art' ('Ars Magua'). 

 Having besought James of Aragon to establish a monastery at Majorca 

 for the education of thirteen monks in the Ar*ic language and the 

 duties of missionaries, he went to Rome to seek the countenance of 

 Pope Honorius IV. for similar institutions and his own mission. 

 Receiving however little encouragement, he visited Paris and Genoa 

 with the same design, and with similar success. From Genoa he 

 crossed to Africa, where he was in danger of losing his life in conse- 

 quence of his dispute with a Mohammedan whom he sought to convert, 

 but was saved by the intercession of an Arabian mufti, ou the condition 

 of quitting Africa for ever. This promise however he subsequently 

 considered not to be binding upon him ; for after revisiting Italy, and 

 iu vain seeking to excite sympathy and co-operation in his designs, he 

 reassumed, unassisted, his enthusiastic enterprise. Proceeding first to 

 Cyprus and thence to Africa, he was nearly stoned to death ; and being 

 cast into prison, owed las liberty to the generosity of some Genoese 

 merchants. 



Upon his return to Europe Lully visited its principal cities, preaching 

 the necessity of a crusade for the recovery of the Holy Laud, a plan of 

 which he laid before Pope Clement V., by whom it was received with 

 little or no favour. Unchecked however by so many disappointments, 

 and with the ardour of his enthusiasm still unabated, Lully returned 

 a third time to Africa, where his zeal for conversion entailed upon him 

 dreadful torments, from which he was a second time rescued by the 

 generosity of the Genoese. The sufferings however to which ho had 

 been exposed were so great, that Lully died on his passage home when 

 he was just within sight of his native country in the year 1315. 



The ' Ars Magna Lull!,' or the ' Lulliau Art,' which found a few 

 admirers, who styled themselves Lullists, after its inventor, and was 

 subsequently revived and improved by the celebrated Giordano Bruno, 

 is an attempt to give a formal arrangement of all ideas, with a view as 

 well to facilitate instruction as to systematise knowledge. The means 

 which this logical machine employs are 1. Letters (alphabetum artes) 

 which stand for certain general terms common to all sciences, but 

 especially to logic, metaphysics, ethics, and theology. 2. Figures, 

 namely, triangles, squares, and circles, which indicate the relations of 

 those general terms. 3. Sections (camera;), in which the combinations 

 of these ideas or terms are formed by the adjustment of the figures. 

 In the angular spaces of the triangles and squares certain predicates 

 are inscribed, and certain subjects on the circles. On the circle of 

 subjects, the triangles of the predicates being so fixed as to move 

 freely, every possible combination of ideas is supposed to be produced 

 by their revolution, according as the angular points successively pass 

 before the letter inscribed on the margin of the circle. Hence arise 

 definitions, axioms, and propositions, which vary infinitely according 

 to the different application of general or particular predicates to par- 

 ticular or general subjects. As however the ideas which are selected 

 for the fundamental notions of this mechanical logic are purely arbi- 

 trary, the knowledge to which it professes to lead must be narrow and 

 limited, and at best it does but furnish a few laws of universal uotions 

 for analysis and combination. Nevertheless, as the invention, weak as 

 it is, was founded on a feeliug of the inadequacy of the dialectic of 

 the schools, and as it furnished a wcapou for its opponents, the name 

 of Kayrnund Lully has been gratefully placed on the list of the 

 reformers of philosophy. In his personal character he seems to claim 

 more justly our admiration for the iron resolution with which, late in 

 life, and for the most part unassisted, he applied himself to the study 

 of science and philosophy, and for the steady resolution with which 

 he persevered in his scheme of converting the heathen in despite of 

 all discouragements and disappointment. 



The worka of Lully have been edited by Salzinger, 'Raymond! 

 Lullii opera omnia,' in 10 vols. fol, Mayence, 1721-42. 



LUNDIN, SIR ALAN, of Lundin, or Lundie, in the shire of 

 Forfar, was son and heir of Thomas de Lundin, who held the office 

 of king's hostiarius, or door ward, and was one of the magnates 

 Scotiie who ratified the marriage of King Alexander II. with Joanna 



