7* 



LUSHINGTON, RT. HON. STEPHEN, D.C.L. 



LUTHER, MAKT1N. 



876 



of KnplnuJ. Sir Alan early married tlia bastard daughter of this 

 King Alexander, and before the Tear 1238 he had succeeded his 

 father in the office of Durward. 1U fore this time also he had imitated 

 his father's munificence to the church, and in the spirit of the age 

 bad founded a Dominican convent at Montrose. He was a forward 

 impetuous character, and for twelve years assumed without any 

 authority the title of Earl of AthoL 



In 1243 he was appointed lord-justiciar of Scotland, and BO con- 

 tinued for about six years, when he was removed under circum- 

 stances which strongly mark his audacity and ambition. In 1249 

 he endeavoured to obstruct the coronation of the infant son of King 

 Alexander II. ; and the next year he prevailed on Robert, abbot of 

 Duufermline, then chancellor of the kingdom, to make a motion in 

 council to legitimate his wife, so that on failure of issue of the king's 

 body she anil her heirs might succeed to the throne. For this act the 

 king conceived so great a displeasure that he immediately turned the 

 chancellor out of office, and soon after the jutticiar likewise. The 

 latter joined King Henry III. in France, and served in his army ; and 

 at length, in 1255, by the influence of the English king, he was 

 re-instated in bin office of lord-justiciar, and FO continued till 1257, 

 when be was agsin removed for the powerful Comyn. He died in 

 1275, leaving three daughters, who carried his great possessions with 

 his blood into other families. 



LUSH1NQTON, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE STEPHEN, 

 D.C.L., is the second son of the late Sir Stephen Lushington, Bart., 

 formerly chairman of the East India Company, by Hester, daughter 

 of John Boldero. He was born in 1782, and received his early educa- 

 tion at Eton, whence ho proceeded in 1799 to Oxford, and graduated 

 B.A. and 51. A. at All Souls College, of which he was for some time a 

 Fellow. Having proceeded to the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of 

 Laws, he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1806, and two 

 years later was admitted an advocate of Doctors' Commons. In 1807 

 he entered parliament as member for Great Yarmouth, and sup- 

 ported the administration of Fox and Greiiville, and voted for the 

 abolition of the slave trade, though he had large property in the West 

 Indies. In 1808 he supported Mr. Tierney's motion for a committee 

 on the trade and navigation laws, and Lord Folkstone's vote of 

 censure on the Indian administration of the Marquis of Wellesley. In 

 1820 he moved in parliament the recognition of the South American 

 republics in opposition to Lord Caxtlereagh and Mr. Canning. Together 

 with Lords Brougham and Demnan, Mr. Lushington was one of the 

 counsel of Queen Caroline in the memorable trial to which she was 

 subjected, in consequence of the passing of a Bill of Pains and Penalties 

 against that princess. In 1822 lie supported as counsel the claims of 

 the soi ditant Princess Olive of Cumberland. In 1824 he spoke in 

 support of a motion of the then Chancellor of Ihe Exchequer, for a 

 grant of money for the erection of churches, but in the same year he 

 opposed a proposition to repair the Cathedral of Derry out of the 

 public funds. In 1825 be moved the omission of the name of the 

 Duke of Cumberland from the annuities granted by government to 

 the royal family ; and in 1830 he supported Lord John Russell's 

 motion for transferring to Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham, the 

 electoral franchise of constituencies which should be found guilty of 

 bribery and corruption. In 1831 he supported the motion of Mr. C. 

 Grant (Lord Gleuelg), for the complete civil emancipation of the 

 Jewish body. He represented at the different times between 1807 

 and 1831, the boroughs of Tregony, Yarmouth, Ilchester, and other 

 places ; in the first reformed parliament however he was chosen for 

 the Tower Hamlets, which he continued to represent down to the 

 dissolution in 1841, retiring in consequence of an act passed in 

 1839, declaring the Judge of the Admiralty disqualified from sitting 

 in the Commons' House of Parliament. In 1828 he had obtained the 

 appointment of Judge of the Consistory Court, and in 183S he was 

 preferred to the judgeship of the Admiralty, and sworn a member of 

 the Privy Council. He also holds the Chancellorship of the dioceses 

 of London and Rochester, and is Commissary of Westminster, Essex, 

 and Herts. As a civilian no name stands higher at the present day than 

 that of Dr. Lushington ; and his knowledge of ecclesiastical law has been 

 frequently called into exercise in the course of judgments which lie 

 has had to pass upon matters connected with the ecclesiastical 

 agitation in the Established Church during the last ten years, on 

 point* alike of doctiine, discipline, and ritual observance. 



LUTHER, LUDER, or LOTHER, MARTIN, born at Eisloben in 

 Saxony, in November 1483, was the son of Hans Luther, a miner and 

 a worker in metals, who was a native of Eisenach. Young Martin 

 was first sent to the school of Eisenach, where he spent four years, 

 and in 1501 he went to the University of Erfurt. His father intended 

 him to study the law, for which however he felt little inclination, but 

 he applied himself to literature and music, which latter he continued 

 to cultivate during the rest of his life. While at Erfurt he appears to 

 have exhibited the usual jovial careless disposition of a German 

 student. In 1505 an accident occurred which altered the curreut of 

 hia thoughts. One of his fellow-students wag killed at his side by 

 lightning, and Luther from that moment made a vow to become a 

 monk. On the 17th of July in the same year he entered the Augustine 

 convent at Erfurt, carrying with him only a Virgil and a 1'lautus. 

 His father was at first aver-e from this resolution ; but after two years 

 he consented, and was present at the ordination of his son in 1507. 



In the retirement of his convent Luther was tormented by tempta- 

 tions and religious scruples and doubts, which he has pathitirally 

 described, especially on the subjects of faith and salvation, until he ut 

 last adopted the principles of St. Augustine, or at least those ascribed 

 to that father, on grace and predestination. The provincial of his 

 order, Staupitz, a man well-informed, honest, and kind-hearted, 

 administered to him spiritual consolation, and appreciated his talents ; 

 and it was through his influence that in l.'.U.i Luther was appointed 

 professor of philosophy in the University of Wittenberg. In his 

 lectures, which were well attended, he appears to have discarded the 

 scholastic forms which were prevalent at the time, and to have 

 appealed to reason more than to authority. In 1510 he wss sent by 

 his superiors to Italy on business concerning the order, a circumstance 

 which brought about a crisis in Luther's life. He proceeded to that 

 country, which he looked upon as the centre of Christendom, witli his 

 heart full of spiritual hopes and devout expectations; but he was 

 sorely disappointed and shocked at what be there saw. He found 

 pomp and pride, gross sensuality, hypocrisy, and treachery, as he tells 

 us, even in the convents which were hia halting-places on the road. 

 He told the monks at Milan that they ought to fast on Fridays, and 

 he was nearly killed for his pains. His health became affected by 

 these occurrences ; he fell ill at Bologna, and was confined to his bed 

 for some time. Having recovered, he continued his journey to Rome, 

 and on his arrival repaired to the convent of his order near the gate 

 Del Popolo. There he knelt on the ground "bathed with the blood 

 of martyrs ; " he hurried to tho various sanctuaries with which the 

 capital of the Christian world abounds ; but on looking to those 

 around him, the inmates of the Holy City, he found, to his surprise 

 and grief, what many a young enthusiast has experienced before and 

 since on entering the world, that names and realities, professions and 

 practice, are quite different things. Luther was in fact single in his 

 faith and his religious fervour. Rome at that time, after having passed 

 through the scandalous pontificate of Borgia, was ruled by the choleric 

 and warlike Julius II., who represented the church* militant upon 

 earth, and who was then busy about his schemes for hutnbliug Venice 

 and driving the French out of Italy. His cardinals were able diplo- 

 matists, men of the world, and learned Latiuists, better acquainted 

 with Cicero than the Bible. In visiting the churches, Luther \vas 

 shocked at the indecent hurry with which the priests wtiit through 

 the service of the mass, and at the blasphemous jests which he some- 

 times heard. Even the ministers of the altar made no secret of their 

 unbelief. Luther remained only a fortnight at Rome : he hurried 

 back to his native Germany with his head bewildered, his feelings 

 distressed, and his religious belief greatly shaken. He used to say 

 however, in after-years, that he would not, for one hundred thousand 

 florins, have missed that journey to Rome, for without it he should 

 have been tormented by the fear of being unjust towards the pope 

 during his subsequent controversy with the papal power. 



In 1512 Luther was made doctor of divinity, and Frederic, elector 

 of Saxony, called ' the Wise,' defrayed the expense of his inauguration, 

 which was celebrated with splendour. The reputation of Luther had 

 spread as that of a learned divine and an eloquent preacher. He was 

 well acquainted with scholastic learning, and tolerably so with the 

 Fathers ; he knew Greek, but very little Hebrew ; he had, above all, 

 deeply studied the Scriptures, which was not a common attainment 

 among ecclesiastics in those days. He was zealous and earnest, devo- 

 tional in bis thoughts, and irreproachable in his morals. In his owu 

 order he was appointed provincial vicar of Misuia and Thuringia, in 

 which office he evinced much zeal for the maintenance of discipline 

 and piety in the various monastic houses of that province. 



In 1517 Pope Leo authorised by a bull the sale of indulgences in 

 Saxony and other parts of Germany, as his predecessor Julius II. had 

 done in France, Poland, and elsewhere, nominally for defraying the 

 expenses of building the new church of St. Peter's, and also for 

 supporting the league of the Christian powers against the Turks, 

 though little of the money derived from the sale was employed for 

 either purpose. [LEO X.] The practice of selling indulgences had 

 existed for some centuries before Luther. Leo addressed the papal 

 commission for the tale in Saxony to Albert, elector of Mainz and 

 archbishop of Magdeburg, who appointed Tetzel, a Dominican monk, 

 his quaestor, to preach and sell the indulgences through the country. 

 Tetzel appears to have executed his mission with the grossest quackery, 

 enhancing hia wares in the opinion of his uninformed and' credulous 

 customers by the most absurd exaggerations, and going far beyond the 

 received doctrine of the Roman canonists even of that age. He pre- 

 tended that his indulgences released not only from penance, but from 

 sin altogether, and from any sin of whatever enormity. Luther, who 

 was then professor of theology at Wittenberg, was shocked at these 

 impious assertions, and while sitting at his confessional in the church 

 of his convent he had practical proof of their mischievous effects. 

 Some of his penitents, who had purchased the indulgences, refused to 

 submit to the penance or reparation which he enjoined, saying that 

 Tetzel had released them from every penalty. Luther having refused 

 absolution, they went and complained to Tetzel, who threatened with 

 both spiritual and temporal punishments all those who denied the 

 efficacy of his indulgences. Luther, little heeding the threats of the 

 Dominican, and being encouraged in his opposition by his own superior 

 Staupitz, who also felt indignant at Tetzel's impudence, drew up niaety- 



