83 



LYSIPPUS. 



LYTTON, SIR EDWARD BULWER, BART. 



994 



almost open war with his subjects. Lysandra, the widow of Aga- 

 thocles, fled to Babylon, and entreated Seleucus to make war against 

 Lysimachus. The Syrian king was willing enough to take advantage 

 of tlie troubled state of his rival's kingdom ; but Lysimachus, anti- 

 cipating his intentions, marched into Asia, and fell in a battle with 

 tbe forces of Seleucus, in the seventieth year of his age, according to 

 Appian (' Syr.,' c. 64), and in his seventy-fourth, according to Justin 

 (zvii. 1). 



The town of Lysimachia was founded by this monarch on the 

 narrow neck of land which connects the Thracian Chersonese with the 

 mainland ; its position was about midway between Pactya and Cardia, 

 from which latter town most of the population were removed by 

 Lysimachus to the new city. 



(Diodorus Siculus; Justin; Plutarch, Life of Demetrius ; Pausanias, 

 i-, cc. 9, 10 ; Droysen, Geschichte der Nachfolger Alexanders.) 



LYSIPPUS, one of the most celebrated statuaries of antiquity, was 

 born at Sicyon. He was particularly distinguished by hia statues in 

 bronze, which are said to have been superior to all other works of a 

 similar kind. He introduced great improvements in his art, by making 

 the head smaller, and giving to the body a more easy and natural 

 position than was usual in the works of his predecessors. Pliny 

 informs us that his statues were admired among other things for 

 the beautiful manner in which the hair was always executed. (Pliny, 

 xxxiv. 8.) Lysippus is placed by Pliny in the 114th Olympiad 

 (B.C. 324), contemporary with his brother Lyeistratus, Sthenis, Euphro- 

 nides, Sostratus, Ion, and Silanion. He is said to have been self- 

 taught, and to have attained his excellence by studying nature alone. 

 His talents were appreciated by his contemporaries ; the different cities 

 of Greece were anxious to obtain his works ; and Alexander is reported 

 to have said, that no one should paint him but Apelles, and no one 

 represent him in bronze except Lysippus. (Pliny, vii. 37 ; Cic., ' Ad 

 Div.,' v. 12.) His reputation survived his death; many of his moat 

 celebrated works were brought to Rome, in which they were held in 

 so much esteem, that Tiberius is said to have almost excited an insur- 

 rection by removing a statue of Lysippus, called Apoxyomenos, from 

 the warm baths, where it had been placed by Agrippa, to his own 

 palace. 



Lysippus is said to have executed 610 statues, all of the greatest 

 merit (Pliny, zxxiv. 7); many of which were colossal figures. 

 Pliny, Pausanias, Strabo, and Vitruvius have preserved long lists of 

 his works ; of which the most celebrated appear to have been various 

 statues of Alexander executed at different periods of his life ; a group 

 of equestrian statues of those Greeks who fell at the battle of the 

 Granicus ; the Sun drawn in a chariot by four horses at Rhodes ; a 

 colossal statue at Tarentum ; a statue of Hercules, at Alyzia in Acar- 

 nania, which was afterwards removed to Rome ; and a statue of Oppor- 

 tunity (Kaipos), represented as a youth with wings on his ankles on the 

 point of flying from the earth. 



Among the numerous pupils of Lysippus, the most celebrated wag 

 Chares, who executed the colossal figure at Rhodes. 



(Pliny, Jlittoria Naturalit; Pausanias; Junius, DePictura, Veteiitm, 

 p. 109-16). 



LYSONS, REV. DANIEL, M.A., was the eldest son of the Rev. 

 Samuel Lysons, rector of Rodmartou in Gloucestershire, a family living, 

 to which he succeeded in 1804, aud resigned to his son in 1833. He 

 waa educated at Gloucester, and at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, at which 

 university he attained the degree of SI.A. in 1735. About 1790, 

 while serving the curacy of Putney, he commenced his first topo- 

 graphical work, ' The Environs of London,' having been encouraged 

 to the undertaking by Horace Walpole, then earl of Orford. The 

 first volume of this work was published in 4to in 1792, and was com- 

 pleted in 1796 by the publication of the fourth ; they contained the 

 parishes within a circuit of 12 miles of the metropolis, and an addi- 

 tional volume issued in 1800 completed the remaining parishes in the 

 county of Middlesex. A second edition was published in 1811. In 

 1806 appeared the first volume of his great work, undertaken in 

 conjunction with his brother Samuel, the 'Magna Britannia.' The 

 work was issued in separate volumes at irregular intervals till 1822, 

 when, in the order of alphabetical arrangement, it had comprised the 

 counties as far as Devonshire. Mr. Lysons also published a sermon or 

 two, and a 'History of the Origin and Progress of the Meeting of the 

 three Choirs of Gloucester, Worcester, and Hereford;' but his fame 

 reta entirety upon his topographical works, which are excellent for 

 their laborious research, accuracy of description, and useful record of 

 matters, which would have been otherwise most probably irrecoverably 

 lost Mr. Lysons died on the 3rd of January 1834. The whole of his 

 topographical collections for the 'Magna Britannia' were presented 

 by him to the British Museum ; they are contained in 64 vols., aud 

 form ' Add. MSS. 94U8-9471.' 



LYSONS, SAMUEL, the brother of the above, was born at Rod- 

 marton on the 17th of May 1763. He was educated for the law, and 

 was called to the bar in 1798 ; but history and antiquities had become 

 more congenial pursuits and his almost exclusive study. In 1789 he 

 bad been elected into the Society of Antiquaries, of which he was 

 Iways an active member, vice-president in 1812, aud for eleven years 

 a director. In 1803 he succeeded Mr. Astle as Keeper of the Records 

 in the Tower of London, and he immediately commenced to sort aud 

 arrange the documents entrusted to his charge, which had hitherto 



woo. DIV. VOL. ill. 



been almost totally neglected. In 1806 he joined his brother in pro- 

 ducing the ' Magna Britannia,' and which on Mr. S. Lysons's death, on 

 the 29th of June 1819, his brother had not strength to continue 

 beyond the counties then prepared in whole or in part. Mr. S. Lysons's 

 other works were, ' Roman Remains discovered at Woodchester and 

 Minchinhampton," foL, 1797; 'Figures and Descriptions of Mosaic 

 Pavements discovered at Horkstow in Lincolnshire,' 4to, Lonrl., 1801 ; 

 ' Remains of Two Temples and other Roman Antiquities discovered 

 at Bath,' foL, 1802; 'A Collection of Gloucester Antiquities," fol., 

 1804 ; and several papers on similar subjects in the 'Archaeologia.' In 

 the ' Gloucester Antiquities ' the drawings and etchings were all 

 from his own band, as were many of the illustrations of his other 

 works. 



DANIEL LYSONS, a physician at Bath, the author of several medical 

 works, who died in 1800, was the uncle of the two writers above 

 mentioned. He has been in some general biographies mis-stated as 

 the father aud as the brother of Samuel. 



LYTTELTON, GEORGE LORD, born in January 1708-9, the 

 eldest sou of Sir Thomas Lyttelton, Bart, of Hagley in Worcester- 

 shire, was educated at Eton and Christchurch, Oxford, at both of 

 which his scholastic acquirements and promising talents gained him 

 much credit. After travelling ou the Continent for some time, he 

 entered parliament in 1730, connected himself with the leaders of the 

 opposition to Sir Robert Walpole, and acquired eminence and weight 

 as a parliamentary speaker. He was a favourite of Frederic, prince 

 of Wales, at whose court he filled the office of secretary. After Wai- 

 pole's retirement Lyttelton was made a Lord of the Treasury iu 1744. 

 He was raised in 1756 to be Chancellor of the Exchequer, a place for 

 which his qualifications were but limited, if the story be true that 

 he never could comprehend the simplest rule of arithmetic. He 

 resigned that office to Mr. Legge in less than a year, and went out of 

 office altogether on the dissolution of the ministry in 1759 ; at which 

 time (bis father being dead) he was raised to the peerage by the title 

 of Baron Lyttelton of Frankley. The rest of his life was chiefly 

 devoted to literature. He died in 1773. 



Lord Lyttelton's literary talents in early life won the affection of 

 Pope. His poetry, though elegant and tasteful, does not rise above 

 mediocrity ; it has however gained for him a place iu Johnson's 

 ' Lives.' Of his prose works, the chief are, ' Observations on the 

 Conversion and Apostleship of St. Paul,' 1747, the result of those 

 studies by which, in middle life, he was converted from scepticism 

 into a sincere and zealous believer in Christianity. Tliis work has 

 enjoyed a high reputation. 'Dialogues of tbe Dead,' 1760, a popular 

 aud amusing work. ' History of Henry II.,' to which is pre6xed an 

 account of the Revolutions of England, from the death of Edward the 

 Confessor to the birth of Henry II., 1764-67. This is a laborious and 

 respectable work, the fruit of twenty year.i" research. ' Miscellaneous 

 Works,' 1774. 'Poetical Works,' 1785. Lord Lyttelton took a leading 

 part, by his 'Account of a Journey in Wales,' in opening the eyes of 

 the English to the beauties of their own country ; and by the tasteful 

 and expensive improvements in his celebrated park at Hagley in intro- 

 ducing the modern practice of landscape gardening. 



Lord Lyttelton's private character was exemplary; his acquirements 

 were extensive ; his judgment as a politician and man of the world 

 penetrating. But his indolence prevented him from doing justice to 

 his own powers, exposed him to imposition, and led him into some 

 embarrassments. His son, THOMAS LOUD LYTTELTON, who died early 

 in 1779, also possessed great abilities, but wasted and debased them in 

 a profligate and unhappy life. Some attention was drawn to him a few 

 years back by an article in the 'Quarterly Review" (No. 179, January 

 1852), in which the author laboured with some ingenuity to show that 

 Thomas lord Lyttelton was the author of the ' Letters of Junius ; ' 

 but the hypothesis found few adherents even at first, and is now uni- 

 versally abandoned. The reader who may wish to look a little further 

 on this claim, and on what is known of Thomas Lyttelton, will do 

 well to refer to a valuable paper by Sir F. Maddeu, in ' Notes and 

 Queries,' vol. viii. p. 31 (July 1853); and further, in vol. xi. p. 198 of 

 the same work. 



LYTTON, SIR EDWARD GEORGE EARLE LYTTON 

 BULWER, BART., was born in 1805, the youngest son of General 

 Bulwer, of Woodalliug and Haydon Hall, Norfolk. His mother was 

 Elizabeth Barbara, the only daughter of Richard Warbenton Lytton, 

 Esq., of Kuebsworth, Herts a splendid property, which had belonged 

 to the Lytton family from ancient times. By the death of his father, 

 while the future novelist was yet young, the care of his education 

 devolved ou his mother, who was a womau of very superior character 

 and intelligence, aud who, as the heir of the Knebsworth estates, 

 resumed by royal licence (1811) her own name of Lytton. Possessed 

 of great wealth, she spared no expense in the education of her sons. 

 When only six years of age, Edward, the youngest of them, used to 

 delight her by writing verses. " In 1820, while only fifteen years of 

 age, he appeared in print as the author of ' Ismael : an Oriental Tale.' 

 After a careful training under private tutors, he entered Trinity Hall, 

 Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner; and here, while distinguishing 

 himself among the other wealthy young Cantabrigians in all the 

 exploits and amusements of academic life, aud while spending his 

 vacations in tours in England, Scotland, and the Continent, he gave 

 ample proof at the same time of bis brilliant abilities and his passion 



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