PAQANICO. 



PALERMO. 



Phoenicia!! settlement, aud that it was afterwards colonised by the 

 Dorians ; while Strabo and others ascribe its foundation or enlarge- 

 ment to the Greeks of Sybaris, who gave it the name of Poseidonia. 

 Coins have been found at Psestum, in which the town is called Phittuiiia, 

 and some bear the double epigraph ' Phistalis ' and ' Poseidon.' Who- 

 ever were the founders, there is reason to believe that Paestum existed 

 ag a town before it was colonised by the Sybarites. 



The coins of Poseidonia show by their devices, which consist of 

 anchors, oars, rudders, and other nautical implements, that the inhabit- 

 ant* werj a seafaring people. Strabo says that the Lucanians took 

 Poteidonia from the Sybarites, and the Romans afterwards took it 

 from the Lucanian;. At the end of the war against Pyrrhus, the 

 Romans (wh j called it Paestum, which seems to be the Latinised form 

 of the ancient name) are stated to have sent a colony to Poseidonia. 

 (Livy, ' Epit.,' xiv.) It assisted Rome in the great contest against 

 Hannibal ; and in numbered among the eighteen Latin colonies which 

 did not forsake Rome in the time of danger. (Liv. xxvii, 10.) It 

 never became eminent however as a Roman colony. In the time of 

 Strabo the city was declining and malaria was gradually creeping over 

 its vineyards, fields, and gardens. The fall of the empire hastened 

 the ruin of the city. Under the Lombards it became a dependency 

 of the duchy of Benevento and subsequently an important town of 

 the principality of Salerno. The Saracens destroyed the city in the 

 9th century aud such of its citizens as escaped, accompanied by their 

 bishop (for Paestum was one of the first cities of southern Italy to 

 embrace Christianity ), fled to the hills, and there founded the town 

 of Capaccio Veccbio. This town is (till the residence of the bishop, 

 who retains the title of bishop of Peeetum. The ruins of the de- 

 serted city were plundered by Robert Guiacard, who carried away 

 its columns, bas-relief*, and monuments to construct the cathedral of 

 Salerno. 



During the middle ag** the remains of Paestum lay unnoticed, 

 though not unknown, aa some people have gratuitously stated, for 

 the temples are conspicuous objects from almost every part of the 

 Qulf of Salerno, aud there is nothing between them and the sea to 

 obstruct the view. When Carlo Borbone, having conquered Naples 

 towards the middle of the 1 8th century, became the resident sovereign, 

 be revived the taste for the arts and antiquities. Count Felice Ouola 

 of Piacenza, an officer in his service, admired the temples and other 

 remains in that solitary region, and took drawings of them. Mazocchi, 

 1, in his work on the ' Heraclean Tables,' inserted a dissertation 

 on Paestum and its history. Winkelmann, who visited Piestum in 

 iias made some remarks on the temples in his ' Anmerkungen 

 ubcr die Baukunst der Alien.' In 1767 appeared in London the first 

 English description of Pawtum, ' The Ruins of Paastum,' foL, with four 

 plates, anonymous, which was followed by Major's work, which had 

 the same title, in 17io. There are many subsequent works on the 

 ruins of Pantum, the most important of which is Father Antonio 

 Paoli's ' Pa>stei>> DisserUtiones, Italian and Latin, fol., Rome, 1784, 

 with sixty-three plates, including Oacola'v drawings, coins, and a 

 topographical map. The ' Magna Grsecia ' of Wilkius also contains 

 descriptions and architectural drawings of the temples. 



The remains of Paostum are three temple*, all in the Doric style ; 

 they agree in their general character with other Greek temples, con- 

 sisting of a ctlla surrounded by external colonnades. The larger 

 temple, called the Temple of Neptune, is 195 feet long and 70 feet 

 wide. It is peripteral and bexastyle, there being six columns in front 

 and twelve on each side, and upon these 36 column* rest an archi- 

 trave and frieze. The eel la, which is open to the sky, forms an inner 

 court, with a range of seven doric columns on each side supporting an 

 architrave, on which stands a second range of smaller columns of the 

 same order. The columns of the outer peristyle are 6 feet 10 inches 

 in diameter at the base, 28 feet 11 inches high including the capitals. 

 The upper diameter, below the capital, is only 4 feet 9 inches. The 

 smallest of the three temple*, called the Temple of Vesta, and also 

 the Temple of Ceres, is 107 feet long and 47 feet wide. It is also 

 bexastyle peripteral, the peristyle being composed of six columns in 

 front and eleven on each side. It differ* in several respects from the 

 larger temple. The second temple, in point of size, is usually called 

 the Basilica. It has a peristyle of fifty columns, nine at each end 

 and sixteen in the flanks, exclusive of the angle*. It is the only 

 known structure that has nine columns in each front It was divided 

 in its breadth by an internal range of columns, three of which 

 remain. 



Besides the ruins just noticed there remain also some traces of the 

 aqueduct which supplied the city with water, and of the amphitheatre. 

 The walls, built of Urge polyhedric masse* of travertine, are still 

 landing. They farm an irregular pentagon, three mile* in circuit, 

 and in many places twelve feet high. Remain* of eight towers and 

 four gateways may be distinctly traced. The eastern gateway is 

 almost perfect ; its arch, nearly 50 feet high, is entire. Outside the 

 northern or Salerno gateway are several ancient Greek tombs. 



PAGAN ICO. [ABBL-ZZO.] 



1'Al DEVONSHIRE.] 



PAJMIi'KUK. 



ruNlI'OL. [C&TES-DU-NORD.] 

 PAIXSHAW. [DCRHA.M.] 

 PAINSWICK. [GLoccrsrr.RBUiKi:.] 



PAISLEY, Renfrewshire, Scotland, a parliamentary burgh and 

 market-town, situated ou both banks of the White Cart, about 3 miles 

 above the junction of that river with tha Clyde, 8 miles W. by S. from 

 Glasgow, in 55 53 N. lat., 4 26' W. long. The population was 

 47,952 in 1851. The town is governed by 4 bailies and 12 council- 

 lors, of whom one is provost. It returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. 



In the time of Agricola, the Romans had a station here, but the 

 town of Paisley owes its existence to the priory, founded in 1160, on 

 the eastern bank of the Cart, by Walter, high-steward of Scotland. 

 In 1219 Pope Honorius raised the priory into au abbacy. With thu 

 growth of this establishment there arose a small towu on the opposite 

 bank of the Cart, which James IV., in 1488, erected into a free burgh 

 of barony. The town contains several good streets, and is lighted 

 with gas. Of the public buildings the most interesting is the nave of 

 the old abbey church, which is all that remains of the ancient monas- 

 tery. It was repaired in the last century, and is now used as the 

 parish church of the Abbey parish. Its style is partly of the middle 

 of the 14th century. The Abbey of Paisley was the family burial- 

 place of the High Stewards of Scotland before their accession to the 

 throne. At the south side of the nave is a small chapel, which con- 

 tains a tomb surmounted by the recumbent figure of a woman, said 

 to represent Marjory, daughter of Robert the Bruce, wife of the 

 founder of the abbey, and mother of Robert II. The great extent of 

 the ancient abbey can be traced by the remains of its foundation. 

 The other churches of the establishment are the High church, the 

 Middle church, St. George's, the Gaelic church, and three chapels of 

 ease. The Free Church and United Presbyterian bodies each possess 

 six places of worship. There are chapels for Episcopalians, Roman 

 Catholics, and others. Between the old and Sueddou bridges, on 

 the western bank of the river, is situated the county-hall, a stone 

 building erected in 1818 ; it comprises a court-house, council-chamber, 

 a debtor's prison, a bridewell, and a chapel. 



The municipal corporation undertook the improvement of the navi- 

 gation of the Cart, in the year 1787. The bed of the river was 

 deepened, a short canal constructed, aud the Cart is now navigable 

 up to the town for vessels of 180 tons burden. The town is connected 

 with Glasgow by the Glasgow, Paisley, and Ardrossan Canal. A 

 short railway extends to a steam-boat pier on the bank of the Clyde, 

 a little above the mouth of the Cart, aud by the Glasgow and Paisley 

 railway the town has direct communication with all parts of the 

 kingdom. 



In 1707 the principal articles made in the town were coarse linen 

 and chequered cloths ; the making of thread, the manufacture of silk 

 gauze, of crape dresses, and of damask and embroidered shawls, were 

 subsequently introduced. Many of the principal establishments of 

 the town are now exclusively engaged in the various branches of the 

 cotton manufacture, particularly muslins. The staple manufactures 

 are now shawls of silk and cotton, plaids, scarfs, chenille and Canton 

 crape shawls and handkerchiefs. There are several brass foundries, 

 breweries, distilleries, a Urge soap-work, several bleach-fields, a large 

 silk-throwing mill, Ac. 



Although Renfrew is the county town, Paisley has long been the 

 seat of the sheriff's court. There is a weekly market on Thursday, 

 and several fairs are held in the course of the year. Besides the 

 parochial aud burgh schools, there are an academy, an Infant school, 

 and an Endowed school There an in the town a provident bank, 

 established in 1815; a public dispensary ; an infirmary; a mechanics 

 institution ; and several subscription libraries. 



PAKS. [HOBOABT.] 



PALACHY. [COIMBATORE.] 



PALAIR. [HINDUSTAN.] 



PALAIS. [BELLB-ILE-EH-MER.] 



PALATINATE, LOWER and UPPER. [BAVARIA.] 



PALATINE, MOUNT. [ROME.] 



PALAWAN. [SooLoo ARCHIPELAGO.] 



PALAZZO. [BASILICATA.] 



PALKMBANG. [SUMATRA.] 



PALENCIA. [Lioir.] 



PALERMO, the metropolitan province of the island of Sicily, 

 extends along the western part of the northern coast of Sicily, and is 

 bounded E. by the province of Meaiina, W. by that of Trapani, and 

 S. by the provinces of Girgenti and Calatanisrtta. Its area is 1984 

 square miles, and the population in 1851 was 514,717. The province 

 is divided into four districts, named from their chief towns, Palermo, 

 Corleone, Termini, and Cefalu. It is the most populous of the seven 

 administrative divisions of the island. The surface consists partly of 

 naked hills and partly of fertile valleys, among which that called the 

 Conca, or 'shell,' of Palermo, is one of the finest regions in the world. 

 The general slope of the ground is to the north, from the mountain 

 range, the Mount Nebrodes of the ancients, which crosses the island 

 from east to west, tu the sea-coast Numerous short watercourses 

 run in that direction ; they are dry, or nearly so, in summer, but 

 become impassable torrents in the rainy season. The principal are 

 the river Termini, the Fiume Torto, and the Fiume Grande between 

 Termini and Cefald. The principal productions of the country are 

 corn, oil, oranges and lemons, manna, sumach, liquorice, almonds, 

 pistachio nuts, and silk. The principal towns are the following : 



