PANORMUS. 



PAPAL, STATES. 



63 



tion, aud joined Mount Cetun ; and the Claudii Monies, which sepa- 

 rated the valleys of the Save and the Drave. 



\'ery little is known of the position of the different tribes which 

 inhabited Panuonia. The powerful nation of the Boii dwelt in the 

 north-western part of the province ; and after their extermination by 

 the Get;o that part of the province was called Deserta Boioruin. 

 (Pliny, iii 27.) 



Panuonia possessed several towns of importance, the inhabitants of 

 which appear to have principally depended for their support upon the 

 numerous legions which were quartered in different parts of the pro- 

 vince. Following the course of the Danube, the first town we corne 

 to utter leaving Noricum is Viudoboua (Vienna), called Vianiomina 

 by Pliny (iii. 27), who places it in Noricum. At the time of Ptoleinseus 

 it was called Julioboua, and was the station of a legion. It is called 

 by most later writers Viu< lobona ; but in the ' Xotitia Imperil ' it is 

 written Vindoniaua. The next town of importance below Viudobona 

 on the Danube is Carnuntum, which, in the early part of the Roman 

 empire, was the most important place in the north of Pauuouia. The 

 amber which was collected in the northern part of Europe was brought 

 to thU town, and thence conveyed to the different parts of the Roman 

 empire. It was the head quarters of the army of Marcus Antoninus 

 in the war which he carried on with the Marconianui. (Eutrop. 

 viii. b.) Its ruins are in the neighbourhood of Altenburg. Below 

 Carnuutum on the Danube wa Brigantium or Bregetium (Fuzto), 

 called by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxx. 6), Bregetio, the station of a 

 Roman legion, where the emperor Valentiuiau died, while making 

 preparations for a war against the Quadi. Following the course of the 

 Danube, we next come to Aquiucum or Acincum (Buda or Ofen), the 

 principal town in the province of Valeria and the station of a legion. 

 South of Acincum on the Danube, in the province of Savia, was 

 Milut.i.- or Milatis, afterwards called Bououia (Amm. Marc., XXL 9 ; 

 xxxL 11); and below it were Acumincum or Acimiucum (Petsrwar- 

 dein), and Tauruuum (Semlin), the most easterly towu in the province, 

 near thj confluence of the Save and the Danube. 



The most important towns in the southern part of the province 

 were Sucia (Szi&zek), Cibalx or Cibalis (Palonha), and Siruiiuin 

 (Schabacz), all on the Save. Siscii, which was upon the borders of 

 Illyricum, was the most important town in Panuouia in the time of 

 Augustus. Cibals: or Cibalis was situated at a considerable distance 

 below Siscia. It w.is memorable for the defeat of Liciuianus by Con- 

 stantiue, and was the birthplace of the emperor Gratianu*. (Amm. 

 Marc., xxx. 21.) Sirmium, which, was below Cibalic, was, under the 

 later Roman emperors, the principal town of Panuouia. 



On the Drave, near the confines of Noricum, was Petovio or 1'tctovio 

 (Pettau), which is mentioned by Tacitus (' Hist ,' iii. 1) as the winter- 

 quarters of the 13th legion. Below Petovio, ou the Save, were Jovia 

 ecz), and Hunim (Eueg), a colony founded by Hadrian. 

 (Stcph. Byz.) At Mursia the fleet of the Lower Danube was sta- 

 tioue 1, and near it Magucutius was defeated by Constautiua. (Zoai- 

 mus, i. 13.) 



The only town of importance in the north-western part of the pro- 

 viuco was Sabaria (Steinamanger), a Roman colony founded by the 

 emperor Claudius. (Pliny, iii. 27.) 



1'ANORMUS. [PiLBBMO.] 

 TAI, UIVKR. 



PAXTIUUSA. [AUAOO.X.] 

 i.A. [CALABEL4.1 



PAPAL STATES, called also State of the Church, is the name 

 given to the dominions belonging to the See of Rome, of which the 

 Pope is the monarch. This state occupies the central part of Italy 

 stretching across the Peninsula in an oblique direction from the 

 Mediterranean to the Adriatic. Its greatest length, from north to 

 south, from the mouth of the Po at Qoro to Monte Circello, which is 

 the most southern point, is about 260 miles. The breadth is very 

 unequal. For a length of about 80 mile* the southern part of the 

 Papal State* between the Neapolitan territory of Abruzzo and the 

 Mediterranean has a width of only about 50 miles. For a few miles 

 to the north of Rieti the width is greatest, extending from the Mediter- 

 ranean to the Adriatic 130 miles ; but in consequence of the projection 

 of Tuicany eastward it grows rapidly narrower toward* the north, so 

 that in the latitude of Rimini the breadth is hardly 20 miles. Farther 

 north the width is about 60 miles, from east to west, between the 

 Adriatic to the frontier of Modeua. The area of the States of the 

 ii, exclusive of 451 square miles covered with water, roads, and 

 tiililingj jg 15,391 square miles, and the population in 1850 numbered 

 3,006,771, besides about 10,000 Jews. 



The northern provinces stretch from the Tuscan Apennines to the 

 Po and the Ailri itic, the ground sloping to the north and north-east, 

 and merging into the wide plain of Lombardy. These provinces are the 

 four legations of Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, and Forli, and have a popu- 

 lation of about 950,000 inhabitant-!. This part of the country resembles 

 the rest of north Italy in ita climate and soil. In ancient times 

 it was out of the limits of Italia proper, and formed part of Cisalpine 

 Gaul ; and even DOW the inhabitants rather resemble their Lombard 

 neighbours than their fellow subjects, from whom they are divided by 

 offsets of the Apennines, which approach close to the Adriatic coast 

 in the neighbourhood of Rimini, where the Rubicon constituted the 

 political boundary of Italy proper in tlio time of the Roman republic. 



The eastern provinces extend from Rimini to the Trouto on the 

 frontiers" of Naples, a length of 110 miles along the coast of the 

 Adriatic. This division is bounded to the west and south by the 

 central ridge of the Apennines, which separates it i'roiu the basin of 

 the Tiber. This eastern division lies almost entirely ou the eastern 

 slope of the Apennines, the numerous offsets of which run in parallel 

 ridges in a north-east direction from the central chain to the Adriatic 

 coast, forming many transverse valleys watered by streams or torrents 

 which have a short but rapid course. The distance from the central 

 ridge or watershed to the Adriatic varies from 30 to 40 miles. The 

 country is fertile and healthy, and is inhabited by an industrious and 

 lively race of people. It is generally designated by ths name of the 

 Marches, but is divided into the provinces of Posaro e Urbiuo, Aucoua, 

 Macerata, Catnerino, Fermo, and AscolL 



The southern division and the largest in extent, though not so 

 Jen-ely peopled as the other two, is the most important, because it 

 contains the metropolis, and includes the classical land of Latium and 

 the other provinces which formed the early territory of ancient Rome. 

 It extends south of the central ridge of the Apennines as far as the 

 coast of the Mediterranean, being bounded on the west by Tuscany 

 and by the kingdom of Naples on the east. This fine region comprises 

 the ancient territories of Uiubria, the Sabini, old Latiuui, and the 

 western part of Etruria, and is now divided into the admiui<t":itive 

 provinces of Perugia, Spoleto, Rieti, Orvieto, Viterbo, Velletri, 

 Frosinoue, Civita Vecchia, and Rome. This extensive country is 

 diviileJ, with respect to its climate and productions, into two pares 

 the high lanils and the valleys of the Apennines, including the valley 

 of the upper Tiber, which are well cultivated and generally healthy ; 

 and the low lauds of the Campagua and some other spots around the 

 lakes of Perugia, Bolseua, and Bracciano, which are unwholesome an 1 

 thinly inhabited. [CiMPAQXA DI ROMA.] There axe few regions in 

 Italy finer tUau the broad valley of Foligno and Spoleto, tha valley 

 of Tarui, the elevated plain of Rieti, aud the rich territory around 

 Perugia. 



The area and population are distributed as follows over 20 provinces, 

 of which, colled Legations, are governed by a Cardinal legate, and 14, 

 called Delegations, are administered by dignitaries of lower degree : 



Tha established religion is the Roman Catholic. The population 

 includes about 10,000 regular clergy or monks, 8000 nuns, and about 

 32,000 secular clergy. 



The central ridge of the Apennines runs through the States of the 

 Church in a south-south-east direction, dividing the waters that How 

 into the Adriatic from those that join the Tiber. The road from Rome 

 to Pesaro by Nocera crosses the Apennines between Gualdo and Cagli. 

 Farther south-east there is a depression between Serravalle and 

 Foliguo through which parses the high rood from Rome to Loreto aud 

 Aucoua. South of this pass the Apennines form a lofty group 

 extending to the eastward, and known by the naiuo of Monte Sibillu, 

 the Mont Tetricut of the ancients, which is 7200 feet high, and is the 

 highest summit in the Papal States. The ridge then joins the mountains 

 of Abruzzo in the kingdom of Naples east of Norcia. Two oli'->et.-> 

 detach themselves from the main rid^e above the sources of the Nera, 

 and run south, skirting the two banks of that river as far as its junc- 

 tion with the Tiber. The more eastern offset is intersected by the 

 Viliu i). which makes its way through it by a fine waterfall not far 

 from Term. The whole fall of the Velino, from the level of the water 

 above the cascade to its confluence with the Nera through a succession 

 of rapids, is above 1000 feet. The country eastward of the Nera con- 

 sists of high lauds, which adjoin those of Abruzzj, aud are a moit 

 interesting region, but seldom visited by travellers. 



The southern division of the Papal State chiefly consists of the basin 

 of the Tiber. This river rises at the foot of Monte delle Baize, in a 



