PAPAL STATES. 



PAPAL STATES. 



imprisonment on suspicion, and delay of triaL The penalties are 

 imprisonment and hard labour either for life or for a term of years. 

 Capital executions are resorted to only in very aggravated cases. 

 Tribunals of commerce are established at Rome, Bologna, Ancona, 

 and some other of the principal towns. 



The revenue, according to the budget for 1854, amounted to 

 11,432,450 Roman crowns (worth 4. 6<i. each); the expenditure in 

 the game year was estimated at 13,082,046 crowns. The interest of 

 the debt, and other charges connected with it, amounted in 1851 to 

 4,300,000 crowns. The principal sources of the revenue are direct 

 taxes, which amount to 2,300,000 crowns ; customs duties ; salt and 

 tobacco monopolies, which bring in above 5,000,000 crowns ; stamps 

 and registry duty ; post-office ; and the lottery. 



Agriculture, which is in a backward state, is the chief occupation of 

 the population. A great extent of land is used for pasture. The 

 i-xports are cattle, wool, cheese, lambskins, tallow, hemp, oil, some 

 'ilk, vitriol, sulphur, pozzolana, potash, and cream of tartar. The 

 salt-pans of Cervia and Comacchio, near the Adriatic coast, supply 

 most of the salt for the consumption of the country. Vitriol is found 

 near Viterbo ; alum at La Tolfa, near Civita-Veccbia ; sulphur near 

 Rimini; and coal near Pesaro, and at Sogliano, near Forli Wood and 

 charcoal are the only fuel used. 



The manufactures of the Papal State are of more importance than 

 is generally supposed. One of the principal and oldest branches is 

 that of woollen cloths, which are made in various towns of the state, 

 and chiefly supply the internal consumption, especially of common or 

 coarse cloth. The silk manufacture is carried on at Rome and Bologna. 

 Tanneries are established chieSy at Ancona, Bologna, Pesaro, and 

 Sinigaglia. Other industrial products are paper, hats, soap, glass; 

 and some cotton goods are manufactured at Rome. There are iron- 

 smelting furnace* at Bracciano, Canino, and Conca, and iron-works in 

 various other places. Plate-glass is made at Poggio Mirteto. Cables 

 and ropes are made in the northern provinces, and exported to Greece 

 anil the Ionian Islands. Other manufactures are wax-candles, 

 catgut, liquorice, and refined sugar. The exports in 1852 were valued 

 at 10,474,012 scudi, including the articles above named, and works of 

 art and antiquity, sculptures, paintings, medals, mosaic, lie. The 

 import* in the same year amounted to 10,218,426 scudi : they consist 

 chiefly of tobacco, raisins and other dried fruit, colonial produce, salt 

 fish, iron, lead, besides manufactures of fine cloth, silks, cottons, 

 hardware, and articles of luxury from France and England. 



The maritime trade is carried on chiefly by foreigners. This is the 

 branch of industry most neglected by the natives of the Papal State. 

 The navigation returns of the two port* of Civita-Vecchia and Ancona 

 for 1852 give the total number of entries at 2311. Of these 1080, 

 carrying 67,096 tons, were native vessels ; and 1231, with 187,723 tons, 

 were foreign, chiefly Austrian, Neapolitan, Tuscan, and Genoese. The 

 departures in the same year were 2292, including 1082 native and 1210 

 foreign vessels. Even the coasting trade and the fishing along the 

 greater part of the coast are carried on in great measure by foreign 

 boats. The Neapolitans fish all along the Mediterranean coast, and 

 the Venetians along that of the Adriatic. The Neapolitans supply 

 Rome with fish, the consumption of which is very great in Lent. 



The principal agricultural product* are wheat, barley, rye, and 

 maize, which are produced in great quantity in the northern and 

 eastern provinces; rice is cultivated in the low grounds; oil, wine, 

 lly of ordinary quality, but some better sorts are made in the 

 Marches, and on the hills of Albano, Orvieto, and Hontefiascone ; 

 pulse au'l vegetables of every kind ; fruit, including lemons and 

 oranges, au>l chestnuts ; hemp and flax, silk, tobacco, and timber and 

 wood for fuel. There are forest) of oak, cork-trees, elm, a>h, and 

 pine. The principal forests are on the side* of the Apennines, on the 

 Mount* Cimino and Albano, on parts of the Monti Lepini, and along 

 the ua-coMt of the Mediterranean. The pine-forest near Ravenna, 

 itlong the Adriatic shore, has been noticed by Byron in 'Childo Harold,' 

 canto iv. 



Horned cattle, including buffaloes, are numerous and remarkably 

 fine, especially in the province of Perugia, theCampagna of Rome, and 

 in th- province of Ferrara. Very good cheese and butter are made. 

 The sheep are reckoned at 2,000,000. Much cheese is made of ewes' - 

 as well as goats'-milk. Pigs are reared in great numbers. Wild boars 

 are numerous in the Pomptine Marshes. The hones are reckoned at 

 about 600,000 in the whole state. The lakes and rivers abound 

 with fish. 



Jlittory. After the fall of the western empire, and the re-conquest 

 of Italy by Belisarius and Narses, Rome and the adjoining territory 

 were administered by an officer called prefect, appointed by the 

 Byzantine emperor, and subordinate to the exarch of Ravenna. Rome 

 retained its municipal government, and the bishop of Rome, atyled 

 Prtesul,' was elected by the joint votes of the clergy, the senate, and 

 the people, but was not consecrated until the choice was confirmed by 

 the Eastern emperor. The see of Rome enjoyed large revenues and 

 benefice*, the gift* of various emperors, besides the gift* and bequest* 

 nt private person.". The people of Rome, forsaken a* it were by the 

 KanUni emperors, accustomed themselves to look upon their bishop 

 a< their chief defender and protector. The popes were the chief means 

 of preserving Rome from being occupied by the Longobards. The 

 Roman* and the Italian* in general refused to submit to the edict of 



UCOU. DI7. VOL. IV. 



Leo, the Isaurian, against images ; and after the emperor was con- 

 demned by Pope Gregory II. m the council of Rome, A.D. 726, they 

 refused to pay the usual tribute to the Eastern empire. (Paulua 

 Diaconus, iv. 49.) 



Rome now governed itself as au independent commonwealth, having 

 its senate, its cououla and tribunes, and forming alliances with the 

 dukes of Benevento and Spoleto, aud with the Longobards. The pope 

 was generally the mediator of these transactions. As the good under- 

 standing between the Longobards and the Romans was not however 

 of long duration, the popes turned for protection towards the west 

 where the Prankish monarchy had attained great extent and import- 

 ance. Gregory III., Zacharias, and Stephen III., wrote repeatedly to 

 Charles Martel and his successor Pepin in the name " of the senate aud 

 the people of Rome," who, having renounced their allegiance to the 

 Eastern emperor, wished to place themselves under the powerful pro- 

 tection of the kings of the Franks. And wheu Astolphus, king of the 

 Longobards, devastated the territory of Rome, Pepin repaired to Italy 

 with an army, and, having defeated Astolphus, obliged him not only 

 to respect the duchy of Rome, but to give up the exarchate of Rxvenna 

 and the Pentapolis, not to the Eastern emperor, their former pos- 

 sessor, but " to the Holy Church of God aud the Roman republic." 

 The following list of the towns included in this grant is given by 

 Anastasius : Ravenna, Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Ceaena, Sinigaglia, Jesi, 

 Forlimpopoli, Forli, Montefeltro, Castel Sussuhio, Acerragio, Monte di 

 Lucaro, Cerra, Castel San Mariano, Bobbio, Urbino, Cagli, Luceolo, 

 Gubbio, and Comacchio. Astolphus sent the keys of these towns to 

 be deposited on the altar of St Peter at Rome, but he did not give up 

 the towns, and the possession of the Church aud the Roman republic 

 was merely nominal. The popes complained repeatedly of the non- 

 fulfilment of the act of donation. 



Charlemagne, urged by the entreaties of Adrian I., having come to 

 Italy, defeated Desiderius, successor of Astolphus, and overthrew the 

 kingdom of the Longobards. He assumed tho title of Patrician of 

 the Romans, and he confirmed his father's donation, and gave to tho 

 See of Rome the rents aud fees of extensive domains in the exarchate 

 and Pentapolis and other provinces, but retained himself the regal 

 rights. The temporal power of the popes iu those times was very 

 little, being restrained on one side by the republican spirit of the. 

 people, and on the other by the imperial power, which regained the 

 ascendancy whenever the emperor visited Rome. During the strug- 

 gle between Pope Gregory VII. and the emperor Henry IV., an 

 important addition was made to the temporal claims of the see of 

 Rome by the donation of the Countess Matilda, who added to 

 her paternal fiefs in the Modenese, Parmesan, and Mautuan territories, 

 the rich succession of Godfrey, marquis of Tuscany, second husband 

 of her mother Beatrix. She twice made donation of her territories, 

 first to Gregory VII. and afterwards to Pascal II., which last is in her 

 will dated 1102. Henry V., iu 1116, the year after Matilda's decease, 

 took possession of the whole of her property ; but Matilda's donation 

 continued long after to furnish to the see of Rome claims over a 

 considerable part of northern and central Italy. 



Innocent III. on his accession found the -imperial power asserted 

 over all Italy by Henry VI., in his double capacity of kin? of Lorn- 

 bardy and king of Sicily. The emperor had distributed the domains 

 of Matilda as fiefs among his generals. But after the death of Henry 

 in 1197, and of his wife Constance in the following year, their infant 

 son Frederick was left to the guardianship of Innocent, who availed 

 himself of the opportunity to assert the claims of his see founded upon 

 the donations of Pepin and Charlemagne and of Matilda. He took 

 possession of Spoleto and the Marches, and the towns of those pro- 

 vinces willingly opened their gates and swore allegiance to the see of 

 Rome, their municipal franchises being guaranteed to them at the 

 game time. These towns were Spoleto, Foligno, Nocera, Perugia, 

 Gubbio, Todi, Rieti, Asaisi, Cittfi di Castello, Ancona, Fermo, Cameriuo, 

 Sinigaglia, Osimo, Fano, Jesi, and Pesaro. 



Rome and its duchy were still governed as a republic ; but the people 

 becoming tired of their senate abolished it, anil substituted, after the 

 example of other Italian cities, a foreign elective magistrate, whom 

 they styled 'the Senator,' and to whom they gave the powers till then 

 enjoyed by the senate. Innocent III. did not alter the form of the 

 municipal institutions of Rome, but by the form of the oath which 

 the senator took, that magistrate bound himself " to maintain the 

 Pontiff in possession of his see and of the regal rights which should 

 belong to St. Peter's Church, &c. ; and lastly to provide for the safety 

 of the cardinals and their household in every part of Rome and its 

 jurisdiction." 



Pope Nicholas III., after settling the disputes between Charles of 

 Anjou aud the emperor Rudolph of Hapsburg, urged the latter to 

 define by a charter the dominions of the Holy See, aud to separate them 

 for ever from those dependent on the empire, and he sent to Rudolph 

 copies of the donations of former emperors. Rudolph, by letters 

 patent dated May, 1278, recognised the States of the Church as 

 extending from Radicofani "to Ceperano, near the Liris, on tho fron- 

 tiers of Naples, and as including the duchy of Spoleto, the march of 

 Ancona, the exarchate of Ravenna, the county of Bertinoro, Bol >gna, 

 and some other places. At the same time Rudolph released the people 

 of all those places from their oath of allegiance to the empire giving 

 up all rights over them which might still remain in the imperial 



