PAPASQUIARU. 



PAPUA. 



erown, and acknowledging th over*ignty of the tamo to Wong to 

 UM *M of ROOM. This charter wai confirmed l>y the electors and 

 pnnce* of th empire. (Ravnaldua, ' Annals') Several of the towna 

 thu coded, at Bologna, Perugia, Anoona, bad lone governed themselvts 

 a* republic*, and were poueaaed of oonaideralile territories ; while 

 others constituted hereditary principalities, and the transfer of nlle- 

 rianr* from the ampin to the church made no alteration in their 

 political condition. 



The removal of the papal Me from Home to ATignon, at the begin- 

 ning of the 14th century, where it remained for seventy yean, tended 

 greatly to weaken the looae bond between it and the provinces above- 

 named. Accordingly we find during that period a number of petty 

 prince* and tyrant* Mttlcd in central Italy often at war either among 

 thme*lra or against the Visconti of Milan. The distant popes from 

 Avignon ant legate* with some mercenary troops to support the 

 t iuc Iph party, and to assert the authority of the papal see, but the 

 towns and lords of Romagna stood their ground against them. At 

 Rome, Rienxo put himself at the head of a popular movement, drove 

 away the Colonna and other turbulent noble*, and proclaimed the 

 republic, of which he was named tribune by popular acclamation. 

 He re-tablis>ie>l order, exterminated the robbers, and obliged the 

 neighbouring barons to swrar to maintain the new order of things. 

 But Ricnio soon became intoxicated with vanity and pride, disgusted 

 the people, offended the barons, and at last the pope sent a legato to 

 supersede him. After seven months' power Cola di Rienzo wr.s obliged 

 to run away from Rome, at the beginning of 1348, and being arrested 

 was taken prisoner to Avignon. Innocent VI., in 1353, sent Cardinal 

 Oil Albornoz, a Spanish noble, who had distinguished himself in the 

 wan of Spain avainst the Moors, nt the bead of an expedition which 

 had for ita object the reconquest of the States of the Church, and 

 gave him Cola di Rienzo to assist him by hia influence with the 

 Roman*. Albornoz defeated Ordelaffi of Forli, Malatesta of Rimini, 

 Vi.-o of Viterbo, and other petty prince?, and restored the Romagua, 

 the Marches, and the Campagna to the allegiance of the papal fee. 

 Cola di Rienzo, whom the cardinal had sent to Rome to second bis 

 views, was murdered there in a popular tumult in October 1354. 



The popes returned to fix their court at Rome in 1371. nnd the 

 government then assumed a more regular form, occasionally inter- 

 rupted however by insurrections of the people of Rome. A great 

 part of the territory, especially north of the Apennines, continued in 

 th' 1 hands of petty princes or tyrant*. Alexander VI., in the year 

 1500, sent his son, Ceaare Borgia, who extirpated the tyrants of the 

 Marches. Julius II., the successor of Alexander VI., put himself at 

 the head of an army, conquered Romagna, Bologna, and Perugia, nnd 

 from that time the Papal State acquired its present compact form. 

 Frrrara was annexed to it in 1597, the duchy of Urbino in 1682, 

 after the death of the lost duke Delia Rovere without issue, and in 

 1650 the duchy of Castro and Honciclione. 



In 1 797 Bonaparte detached the four legations, Bologna, Fen-am, 

 Ravenna, and Forli, and annexed them to the Cisalpine republic. In 

 1798 the French troops invaded Rome and drove away the pope. In 

 1801 the pope was restored to Rome and ita territory, except the lega- 

 tion*. In 1808 Napoleon detached the Marches, which he annexed to 

 his kingdom of Italy, and in 1809 he took possession of Rome and 

 the southern part of the Papal State and annexed it to the French 

 empire. In 1814 the pope was restored to his dominions. Soon after 

 bis accession the present reigning Pope Pius IX., after a series of 

 liberal concessions to his subjects, appointed a ministry, at the head 

 of wh ch was Count Roesi, and granted a constitutional parliament, 

 consisting of 99 members popularly elected. The democratic party 

 however were still unsatisfied. Count Kossi was assassinated at the 

 very entrance of the Chamber of Deputies (Nov. 15, 1848) ; a demo- 

 cratic ministry was forced upon the pope, who however seized the 

 earliest opportunity (Nov. 25) to escape from Rome to Oaeta, where 

 be placed himself under the protection of the king of Naples. A 

 provisional junta was instituted in Rome, and a constituent assembly 

 called, which proclaimed a republican form of government, and 

 declared the pope divested of all temporal power (Feb. 8, 1849). 

 Against tbi the pope protested, and appealed to the great Catholic 

 powers for intervention iu his behalf. The National Assembly of the 

 French Republic, Spain, and Naples sent troops in support of the 

 rights of the Holy See ; the French army under General Oudinot 

 commenced to besiege the Eternal City on the 23rd of June. After 

 considerable resistance the city surrendered unconditionally on the 

 3rd of July ; the French took pouaaaion of the city, and soon after 

 proclaimed the authority of the pope, who however did not return 

 to Rome till April 12, 1850. Whilst the French were putting down 

 the republican spirit in Rome the Austrians were similarly occupied 

 in the Legations and Marches, and with equal success. 



PAPASQUIARO. [MKUC0.1 



PAPKNUURO, a flourishing little town of 3620 inhabitants, in the 

 Hanoverian province of Osoabrtick, is situated near the edge of the 

 Saterland Moor, about seven miles from the right bank of the Ems, 

 with which it is connected by a canal. The town contains two Roman 

 Catholic churches, three schools, and between 400 and 600 houses. 

 The inhabitants gain their livelihood chiefly by building small craft 

 and by trade, besides saw-mills, sail-cloth, and rope-factories, there 

 are hnndy-distitleries and lime-kilns: the quantity of peat dug on 



the moors is very great, and it forms an important article of export 

 to the ports of the Baltic and the North See. 



PAPHLAOO'NIA, a province of Asia Minor, was bounded N. by 

 the Euxine, S. by the part of Phrygia afterwards called Oalatia, E. by 

 Pontus, and W. by Rithynia. It was separated from Bithynia by the 

 r.irthenim, and from Pontus by the Halys. (Herod, i. 6, 72.) 



Paphlagonin is described by Xenophon (' Anab.,' v. 6, s. 6) as a 

 country having very beautiful plains and very high mountains. It 

 is traversed by two chains of mountains, running parallel to one 

 another from west to east The higher and more southerly of these 

 chains, called Olgassys by Ptolemy, is a continuation of the great 

 mountain chain which extends from the Hellespont to Armenia. 

 Strabo (xii. p. 561,562) however appears to give the name of Olgaanys 

 to the chain of mountains in the northern part of Puphlagouia, on 

 which the Paphlagouians had built many temples. The country 

 between these two chains of mountains is drained by the Ainnias 

 (Kara-Su), which flows into the Halys. There were several small 

 streams which flowed from the mountains in the north of Papula- 

 gonia into the Euxine, but the only river of importance besides the 

 Amnias and H-ilys was the Parthenius, which in raid by Xenophon 

 to be impassable. (X<*n., ' Anab.,' v. 6, a. 9.) In the neighbourhood 

 of Pompeiopolis, iu the central part of the province, was a mountain 

 called Sandaracurgium, where, according to Strabo (xii. p. 562), saud- 

 araca was obtained in mines which were worked by criminals, who 

 died in great numbers in consequence of the unhealthineaa of the 

 labour. The sandoraca spoken of by Strabo was probably the same 

 as sinopis, which was a kind of red ochre, obtained by the Greeks 

 from Sinope, from which place it derived its name. 



The Paplilngouiims are said by Homer (' II.,' ii. 851, 852) to have 

 come to the assistance of the Trojans under the command of Pyln- 

 menea from the country of the Heueti. They were subdued by 

 Croesus (Herod., i. 28.) and afv- -.vai-ds formed part of the Persian 

 empire. After the death of Alexander, Paphlagouia, tog-ther with 

 Cappadociu, fell to the share of Eumenes. (Uiod. Sic,, xviii. 3.) It 

 subsequently formed part of the kingdom of Pontus. Under the 

 early Roman emperors it wax united to the province of Galatia till 

 the time of Constantiue, who first erected it into a separate province. 



The principal town of Paphlagonia was Sinope (Sinoub), a colony 

 of the Milesians (Xen., ' Anab.,' vi. 1, s. 15), which was said to have 

 been founded by Autulycus, a companion of Jason. It was built upon 

 a rocky peninsula, and was for many c.-uturiea one of the moat 

 flourishing commercial towns in the Euxine. In the time of Strabo 

 it was still a place of considerable importance. It was very strongly 

 fortified, and possessed many handsome public buildings. The inhabit- 

 ants were accustomed to catch off the coast great numbers of tunny- 

 fish. Siuope maintained its independence till the 2nd century before 

 the Christian era, when it was annexed to the kingdom of Pontus. 

 Mithridates the Great, who was born ther, made it the capital of bis 

 dominions, and adorned it with many public buildings. During the 

 war which be carried ou with the Romans it was taken by Lucullus. 

 It was subsequently made a Roman colony. Diogenes the Cynic wan 

 born in this town. Sinope continued to be a considerable sea-port 

 town till it was demolished by the Russian fleet under Admiral 

 Nachimoff Nov. 30, 1853, on which occasion also the citadel was 

 destroyed anrl the Turkish fleet iu the roads burnt or sunk. The 

 old walls of the town in port remain. The exports consist of timber, 

 salt, oil, cordage, and fish. 



PAPHOS. [BAFFO; CYPRUS.] 



PA'PUA, commonly called New Guinea, is an island of great extent, 

 situated at the junction of tbe Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is 

 separated by Torres Strait from the northern extremity of Australia ; 

 by the Strait of Gullowa from the small island of Sallawatty, which 

 lies farther west ; and by Dampier's Strait from New Britain, which 

 is to the east of it. It extends from 10 S. lat, nearly to the equator. 

 The most southern point, Cape Rodney, is in 10 3' S. lat, and the 

 most northern point, Cape Good Hope, in 19' S. lat From west to 

 east it extends between 130 and 148 30' E. long. ; the most western 

 point, Cape Salu, ou Gallowa Strait, is in 130 2' E. long., and the most 

 eastern, Cape Rodney, in 148 30' E. long. Its length from east- 

 south-east to west-north-west, is nearly 1300 miles. Its width varies 

 between 500 and 18 miles. The main body of the island, cast of 

 135 E. long., constitutes a vast extent of continuous land, with a 

 projecting peninsula at its eastern extremity, but between 135 and 

 133 E. long., a wide and open bay enters deeply into the land. This 

 bay is nearly 200 miles wide at its entrance, in which some islands of 

 considerable extent are situated, and penetrates about 200 mili>s south- 

 ward into the body of the island. Tho southern extremity of this 

 bay is separated from the Molucca Sea by an iithmus only about 18 

 miles wide. The island west of this isthmus consists of a projecting 

 peninsula and deep inlets. According to a rough estimate, the surface 

 of the island is about 260,000 square miles. 



The surface and soil of this island are only known so far as they 

 have been seen by navigators who have sailed along the coast. There 

 are few places on which Europeans have landed, and in no place have 

 they penetrated more than a few miles inland. The south-eastern 

 peninsula, which terminates with Cape Rodney, is formed by a con- 

 tinuous chain of high hills, extending, according to Captain 0. Stanley 

 (in a paper read at the Geographical Society in February, 1861), for 



