I PARK. 



Lo-Onad-Ctatelct and Le-Petit-ChAteU t on the north and MMith banks 

 of the river, at the extremities of the two bridge* from La-Citd to 

 the mainland, wore built : they were demolished, Le-Petit-Cb&telet in 

 ma. and Le-Orand-Chatelet in 1802. By the came king, the suburb* 

 on the north and south bank* were inclosed by walls, and thus incor- 

 porated with the insular part of the city. This was the second 

 bdosinK wall that girt the city of Paris which then consisted of three 

 parts the town north of the Seine, the city on the island, and the 

 university on the southern bank. Under Philippe August*, a new 

 wall 8 feet thick, strengthened by 500 towers and by a deep fosse, 

 was built, comprehending a much larger inclosure than those of 

 former times, both on the north and south bank, and some of the 

 principal street* were pared ; the foundation of the present cathedral 

 of Notre-Dame was laid ; several other churches also, and the hospital 

 de-1 i-TriniuS were built 



In the reign of Jean II. (1850-64), the town had again outgrown its 

 limits, and many edifices had been erected without the walls. In 

 apprehension of an attack from the English after the battle of Poitiers 

 (1350), new walls were raised on the north side of the Seine, compre- 

 hending a yet larger inclosure than those of Philippe August* ; and 

 on the south side the old walls were repaired and the ditches 

 deepened. The island of Notre-Dame, now lie de St-Louis, immediately 

 above the Ile-de-la-Cit<S, was also fortified, and the passage of the 

 Seine both above and below the city was obstructed by strong iron 



j ; . : - 



The treaty of Troves (1420) and the events connected with it, gave 

 Paris into the power of the English Henry VI., under whom it was 

 governed by the Duke of Bedford, from 1421 to 1436. In 1429 it 

 was attacked by the troops of Charles VII. of France under the com- 

 mand of Joan of Arc, but the assailants were repulsed. In 1436 it 

 was taken by the French under the Count of Kichemont, constable 

 of France, and the Count Dnnois, with the aid of the townspeople. 

 The English garruon was surprised and put to the sword, except a 

 few who retired to the fortress of the Bastille (one of the great 

 fortified gates erected in the line of the last-mentioned wall at the 

 extremity of the Kue-St-Autoine), and surrendered upon terms. 



During the troubled period of the dynasty of Valois, the edifices, 

 pnblic and private, of th city were gradually improving in character. 

 The population of Paris in the latter half of the lath century is 

 supposed by Dulaure to have been about 150,000. The police of the 

 place was wretched ; the environs and suburbs, and occasionally Paris 

 itself, were infested with wolves. In the reign of Francois I. the 

 fortifications of Paris were repaired and strengthened. Under 

 Charles IX. (1566), the circuit of the walls was partially enlarged, in 

 order to comprehend the palace of the Tuileries, then in course of 

 erection, by Catherine do' Medici, the queen-mother. The residence 

 of the king was at that time at the Louvre, originally a fortress of 

 ancient date, which had been made a royal residence, and enlarged 

 and adornt d by the care of successive sovereigns. It was at this time 

 being gradually rebuilt. The rebuilding of the suburb of St. -Germain, 

 on the south side of the river, which had beeu ruined in the wars of 

 the 15th century, was commenced and some of its streets paved in 

 the time of Francois I. ; and in the reign of Henri III. a bridge was 

 erected (near where the Pont-Royal now stands) to connect the quarter 

 of the Louvre with this suburb. This appears to have been the only 

 bridge across the undivided stream of the Seine. There were five 

 other bridges which connected the island of La-Cite 1 with the main : 

 the Grand-Font (now Pont-au-Chang, ), the Petit-Pout, the Pont-des- 

 Moulins, connecting La-Cite* with the north bank of the river a little 

 below the Pont-au-Change ; Pont-Notre-Dame, in a line with the 

 Petit-Pont over the north arm of the Seine ; and the Pont-St-Michel, 

 opposite the Pont-au-Change over the southern arm. In the reign of 

 Henri II. the erection of the H6tel-de-Ville was commenced, but 

 it was not finished till more than half a century afterwards. The 

 population of Paris in the time of Henri III. is estimated to have 

 been about 200,000. In August 1572 Paris witnessed the terrible 

 massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which it is said that nearly 5000 

 persons were killed. In 1588 the Parisians who had embraced the 

 party of the League, barricaded the streets with chains, with the 

 paving-stones torn up for the occasion, and with casks of earth ; and 

 manning the barricades with miuqueteers, defeated the troops which 

 Henri III. had brought into the city. Henri quitted Paris next day, 

 and the city came into the power of the League. This revolt is known 

 in history a* ' the day of the barricades,' 



Upon the assassination of the Guises at Blois (December, 1588), the 

 Parisians broke out into a fresh revolt. Henri III. advanced to 

 besiege Paris, which was now under the command of the Duke of 

 Mayenne; but bis assassination at St. -Cloud (August 20th 1589) 

 arrested bisi purpose. The siege was funned on the 31st of the 

 following October, by his suoceesor Henri IV. The suburb of St- 

 Oermain was plundered ; but the siege was raised soon afterwards, 

 and the king retired with his army. In the following Hay (1590) the 

 eiege was renewed, the suburbs were all taken in one night, and the 

 (toe strictly blockaded. The effect of this lung siege on a population 

 vast was truly dreadful The most loathsome articles were con- 

 sumed for food ; numbers perished, and parts of the city were almost 

 reduced to solitude. Henri, moved with compassion, allowed 8000 of 

 the poorer rlisset to pass out of the place, and repeatedly admitted 



PARIS. 



78 



supplies of provisions to enter. The approach of a Spanish force 

 under the Duke of Parma obliged him to raise the siege (August 30th); 

 and he did not obtain possession of his capital till March 1594. 



In the reign of Henri IV. Paris received many improvements. The 

 1'oiit-Neuf was completed, the hospital of St.- Louis built, several of 

 the quays constructed, and tho palace of tho Tuileries finished. All 

 the bridges, except the Pont-Neiif, were at this time lined with houses. 

 In respect of cleanliness and security from robbery, little improve- 

 ment seems to have taken place. In the reign of Louis XIIL several 

 new bridges were erected ; the .churches of St.-Koch, of the Oratoire, 

 of Val-de-Grace, and the facade of St-Gervais constructed ; the hos- 

 pitals of the Incurables, the SalpAtricre, and the Foundlings ; an 

 aqueduct to convey water from Arcueil to the city, the Sorbonue, and 

 the college of Clermont, afterwards Louis-le-Graud, were built The 

 palace of the Luxembourg was built by Maria de Medici ; the Jardiu- 

 des-Pluutes (botanical garden) was l.iid out; and the Palais Royal 

 was built and the Academic- Krancaise founded by Cardinal Richelieu. 

 New walls were erected on the north-west side of the city, inclosing a 

 considerable space north of the Tuileries, and extending the circuit of 

 the inclosure nearly to the line of the present boulevards. The island 

 of St-Louis was entirely covered with houses, surrounded with quays, 

 and joined to the mainland by two bridges. The Pout au-Cliauge wan 

 rebuilt, and a wooden bridge thrown over the river where the Punt- 

 Royal now stands. 



Tho city suffered so much during the troubled minority of 

 Louis XIV. that in 1653 it was estimated that there were in Paris 

 40,000 paupers. In the long reign of this king, tho enceinte of 

 Paris was again extended, and splendid gates and barriers built ; the 

 old ramparts were levelled, and replaced on tho northern boulevards 

 by magnificent promenades planted with trees ; the quays were 

 repaired ; more than 80 new streets were opened, and most of the old 

 ones were widened and rebuilt Instead of dismal posterns and 

 narrow wickets, the gates of St-Antoiue, St-lieruard, St.-Denis, and 

 St.-Martiu rose in the form of triumphal arches. The city was orna- 

 mented with the Places Veuddme, des-Victoires, and du-Carrousel. 

 Perrault raised the colounade of the Louvre ; the Hdtel-des-Invalides 

 was erected as an asylum fur the aged soldier; and the infirm were 

 tended in the Salpetriere, which was enlarged and called the General 

 Hospital, with the Bicetre for a dependency. 



At the beginuing of this reign the streets of Paris were always 

 dirty, lighted at night only by lanterns hung out in front of the shops ; 

 many were unpaved, and impassable even in summer except in heavy 

 boots. Opposite the Tuileries was a wretched wooden bridge called 

 Pout-Barbier ; in several quarters were seen the heavy chains which 

 served fur barricades in the times of the League and the Fronde ; and 

 so impure was the air, that bright copper vessels were coated with 

 verdigris in a single night. During the night cut-purses roamed the 

 streets with impunity, and assassinations were not uncommon where 

 every body went armed. The administration of Colbert and Louvois 

 checked these evils. The disorders of the capital were in part reme- 

 died by increased efficiency of police ; pages and lackeys were dis- 

 armed ; and lanterns, each containing a large candle, were suspended 

 in the middle of the streets. Under Louis XIV. also was completed 

 the buildiug of the Tuileries, the gardens of which were laid out by 

 Le Notre ; the Chauips-Elysdes were planted with trees ; and many 

 fountains were erected as decorations of the city, and affording 

 abundant supplies of water to the inhabitants. In the interest of 

 science, the Observatory was founded, the College of Quatre-Nations 

 built, and the Royal Library organised ; St.-Sulpice was commenced, 

 and Vul de-Grace completed; theChate'let was built as a special court- 

 house for the city of Paris; and the Pont-Royal was opened, connecting 

 the quarter of the Tuileries with the Faubourg St-.Germain, on the 

 left bank of the Seine. Great encouragement was given to manu- 

 facturing industry during this reign ; manufactories of plate-glass and 

 tapestry were established, the latter bting the famous manufactory of 

 the Gobelins, established ou the little river Bievre, which traverses the 

 south-eastern angle of the city, between the Jardiu-dea-Plantes on the 

 north and the great hospital and gardens of the SalpStriere on the 

 south, and enters the Seine on the left bank a little above the bridge 

 of Austerlitz. The population of Paris, at the close of the reign of 

 Louis XIV., was fast approaching half a million. 



From the commencement of the reign of Louis XV. to the period 

 of the Revolution, Paris received considerable accessions both to its 

 extent and the number of its public buildings. The church of Saiute- 

 Genevieve (the Pantheon of the revolutionary period), the church of 

 St.-Philippe-du-Roule, near the Barriere-du-Roule, in the north-west of 

 the town, and the facade of St.-Roch were erected ; the Mint, the 

 Ecole Militaire (military school), and schools of law (droit) and surgery 

 were built; the corn-market (halle) and several other market-places 

 were formed; fountains and theatres erected; a line of boulevards 

 formed ou the south side of the river ; the Petit-Pout, which united 

 the lle-de-la-Cite' with the south bank of the river, rebuilt ; the Place 

 Louis XV. laid out, with a statue of that king in the centre ; the 

 Hdtel-d'Armenouville was repaired and converted into the post-office ; 

 a city post was established ; the names of the streets were written up 

 and the bouses numbered ; reflecting lamps were used for lighting the 

 streets ; many sumptuous hotels wer.> built ; and the erection of tho 

 Punt Louis XVI. was commenced. Paris was also surrounded by 



