PARM. 



orth-wwtsra line to Cherbourg. Along all these lines electro- 

 trsJecraphic ir* are laid. 



A *** numb-r of harps and other crmft arrive in Parw. bnide* 

 trains of ftre-woad or Umber Boated down the main stream, or iu 

 UNmto the Mam. ad the Ob*. Wood is the principal fuel eon- 

 H, bat UM consumption of oasl is gaining mood, od begins to 

 tall sightly by iu (rimy smoke on UM formerly transparent atmo.. 

 pher. of 1-aris, The principal article conveyed by UM river in boat* 

 are win* and brandy; grain. puU<>, and floor; batter, flab, and fruit ; 

 spiees, -It, and oil ; hay and straw ; bricks, tiles, and 

 I ; cotton*, Uaaaa, and other woven food*; iron and other metals; 

 id glass; soap, tobacco and snuff, soda, drugs, paper, &C. 

 Kor Ut* supply or provision* there are numerous market*. covered or 

 op*B. Tli corn market (Halle nx-Ble) U between the Louvre and 

 UM PostOme*. The ttmim Urmnary, near the Areenal, ban been 

 already mentioned. The meat-market, near the Halle-aux-Bles, a 

 Urge spao. flttad up with wooden stalls, U supplied with water by 

 eU ftmntams The poultry-markrt U on the eouth bank of the Seine, 

 opposite La-rite. It U a corered market, about 200 feet long and 

 140 feet wide, divided into three parU by rowe of pillan and iron 

 rails. The Ash-market, near the meet-market, is a covered building, 

 rapporUd by gnat number of columns. The Marchd-dea-Innocenta, 

 for fruit, vegetable*, and flowers, U an open eqnare in the earne neigh- 

 bourhood. eurroonded by small shops for the market-people, and 

 adorned in the centre by a handsome fountain. The Marche-St- 

 Uermain, not far from the Luxembourg Palace, U an open square of 

 about 800 feet long by 240 or 250 feet wide, with a covered arcade or 

 puna all round, and baring a fountain in the centre. The old linen- 

 market (Halle-eu-Vieux-Linge), in which old clothe* and secondhand 

 article* of every sort are sold, ii built on part of the lite of the Temple, 

 UM tower of which was the prison of Louis XVI. and his family. The 

 Hallaux Vim has been already noticed. The Harcbe-aux-Fleurs, or 

 famous flower-market, in the Ile-de-la-Cite between the Poutaux- 

 Changes and the Poot-Xotre-Dame, is simply the wide space slong the 

 quay, which it planted with four rows of trees and watered by four 

 fountains. There are five abattoirs, or general slaughter-houses, in 

 the ouUldrU of the city, three on the north side of the Seine (Mc?nil- 

 montant or Popinoourt, Montmartre, and du-Roule), and two on the 

 south side, Villejuif, outside the boulerard de-1'Hopital, and Crenelle. 

 They are of great extent, and under excellent regulation. 



The principal cemeteries of Paris are those of Pere-la-Cbaise, 

 Montmartre, and Mont-Parnasee. They are all outside the octroi wall 

 Prre-U-Chaise on the eastern side of Paris, the largest of these ceme- 

 trnse, contains about 100 acres. It is beautifully laid out, planted 

 with ry|iims trees, and contains a vast number of handsome monu- 

 ments, amongst others one erected over the ashes of Ueloise and 

 Abelard. The chapel is a neat building, surmounted by a white 

 marble cross. In the cemetery of Mont-Parnasae, which U outside the 

 city a little west of the Observatory, are the graves of many persona 

 executed for political offence*. The Guillotine, when it ia wanted, U 

 erected inside the Barriero d' Arcueil, to the south of the Observatory. 



Paris is the centre of the imperial government, of the executive and 

 legislative powers of the state, the seat of the supreme court of appeal 

 for the whole empire (Gourde-Cassation), and of an archbishop, whose 

 uffrajran. are the bishops of Chartnw, Heaux, Orleans, Blois, and 

 Versailles. It has a university (College-de-France), five colleges, 

 namely, those of Louia-le-Orand, Henri IV., Bourbon, Charlemagne, 

 and SL-Louii ; a polytechnic school, special schools of the fine arts, 

 mines, tc., normal school, and a vart number of educational estab- 

 lishments of a high order. The University-Academy of Paris grants 

 degrees to all student* educated in colleges affiliated to it within tlje 

 limits of the departments of Seine, Cher, Kure-et-Loir, Loir-et-Cher, 

 Loiret, Uarne, Oiee, Seine-et-Mame, and Seine-et-Oise. There are also 

 several theological schools, the most famous of which is that of the 



Sorbonne. The church of the Sor bonne is a handsome building ; 

 UM chapel of the college is a fine monument erected over the gr 



; in 



grave 



of Cardinal Richelieu. Printing wss first introduced into France at the 

 college of the Sorbonne in 1 488. Paris is the headquarters of the First 



lil.tary Division, which comprises the departments of Seine, Seine-et- 

 Ois*. Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Aub-, Yonne, Loiret, and Eure-et-Loir. 



Each arrondissement has a separate municipality, over which a 

 mayor presides. There is also a justice of the peace to each of 

 the II armndieeetnenU, and a commissary of police to each of the 



18 quarters. The council of the department of Seine over which 

 the prefect presides, forms a municipal council for Paris. The muni- 

 cipal police has charge of the safety of the public, and the aanitary 

 reflations of the city are confided to it. This force is about to be 

 modelled sfWr the jolioe of London. The regulations for protection 

 against fire and for the extingtiiahing of fires are excellent There ia 

 ao organised body of firemen (aspours-pompiera), who are distributed 

 in barracks or stations. The nupply of water is generally by public 

 intaios, and not commonly by pipes furnishing a supply to every 



In itoman times the city of LuUlia was supplied with water by an 

 aqueduct from Arcueil, as before stated. In the 6th century the 

 monks of SL-Uureut and St. Martin brought the waters of St-Oervaia 



Paris, and their fountains of St-Laxare and Maubtiee still remain. 

 W l.eu Philippe August* founded the Halle* ,he supplied them with 



PAH IS. 8} 



fountains. Henri IV. constructed the new aqueduct of Arcueil; 

 I V. devoted large sums to the hydraulic service of Paris, and 

 many of the fountains still existing were erected in his reign. More 

 recently the supply has been largely increased by the completion of 

 . n.-q-Canal, the boring of the Artesian well of Crenelle (which 

 is 1786 feet deep, 1685 feet below the level of the nea, and gives 

 176 gallons per minute) ; the erection of the Pompe-a-Fcti on the loft 

 bank of the Seine in 1848 ; and lastly the works at Chaillot, where large 

 reservoirs are formed, into which steam-engines pump about 300 gallons 

 from the Seine at each stroke. The supply from all these sources would 

 give to each person 32 gallons a day, but owing to the small diameter 

 of the pipes and the low level of the principal sources, the quantity 

 furnished is far short of this. To remedy these defects larger pipes 

 are now being laid down all through Paris, and the underground 

 conduits are being made to communicate with each other, so that the 

 surplusage at one point may make up the deficiency (if any)atanotl r. 

 The volume of water derived from the present sources is clearly 

 sufficient if it could only be brought to all parts of the town. But 

 unfortunately about four-fifths of Paris at present receive only a 

 surface supply ; and a high service supply could be furnished to only 

 about one-fifth of the city, and this at vast additional cost. It U 

 proposed therefore to leave the present arrangements for all public 

 needs, such ss street watering and cleansing, fountains, fire-plugs, and 

 general ground service, and to bring by means of an aqueduct a new 

 supply of water from a high level (the waters of the Somme and the 

 Soude have been named) for the high service supply of the city. 



Like the water supply the drainage of Paris is in an unsatisfactory 

 state, and seems on the way of being thoroughly executed. In old 

 times the city was drained by open sewers. The first covered sewer 

 was made in 1374. In the 16th century the palace of Tournelles had 

 to be abandoned in consequence of the malaria arising from the open 

 drains around it. In the time of Louis XIV. the uncovered drains 

 were four 'times as long as those that were covered. Napoleon 1. 

 began the subterranean canalisation of the city ; but in 1854 there 

 were only 102 miles of sewerage completed to 276 miles of public 

 ways. In the interval however all the open sewers have been covered 

 in, and some other important improvements have been effected. 

 These are the establishment of arterial sewers parallel to the Seine ; 

 a grand sewer encircling the city into which several tributaries open ; 

 the purification of the Bievre; and the commencement of tbe great 

 sewer uuder the Rue-de-Rivoli (13 feet high and 8 feet wide), which 

 will extend from Chaillot to the Faubourg St.-Antoine, and communi- 

 cate with the sewer of the enceinte; and an arterial sewer on the left 

 bank of the Seine, which when finished, will extend from the Bievre to 

 below Gros-Caillot But even with all these aids the surface drainage 

 of Paris ia very imperfect, though two drains have been constructed 

 outside the barriers to carry off the superficial waters from the streets. 

 To remedy all the defects of the system it is proposed, in connection 

 with the improved water supply above noticed, to form grand lines 

 of sewerage under the principal streets furnished with rails for the 

 passage of waggons and carts; out of these secondary lines, also 

 furnished with rails to the less important streets, with smaller conduits 

 to encircle each group of houses, and to communicate with each 

 liouae by means of pipes. 



It must not be supposed however that the streets of Paris are now 

 as they used to be in a dirty state. Thanks to the regulations made 

 since the re-establishment of the empire, not only the principal streets 

 but tho smaller thoroughfares are kept remarkably clean. Street- 

 sweepers are appointed to every district of the metropolis. Between. 

 8 o'clock in the morning and 9 o'clock in the evening no one is 

 allowed to throw anything out upon the pavements ; after the last 

 mentioned hour all that is thrown out is collected and carted away 

 before morning. 



Paris possesses about 100 Catholic churches and chapels. There 

 are few ecclesiastical communities for men, but several for women, the 

 principal of which is the seminary of the congregation of the Sisters 

 of Charity in the Rue-du-Bac. This establishment is of vast size, and 

 has between 2000 and 3000 inmates, who here prepare themselves for 

 the active discharge of their important duties tending the sick in 

 the hospitals, and instructing the children of the poor. There are 

 two Calvinist and two Episcopal churches, one Lutherau church, 

 a synagogue, and a Methodist meeting-house. 



Besides the free library before mentioned there are several large 

 and important libraries open to the public : The Imperial library in 

 the Rue-Richelieu near the Palais-Royal, with above 1,500,000 volumes, 

 80,000 manuscripts, 1,600,000 engravings, 100,000 medals and coins, 

 and 300,000 maps; the library of the arsenal, with 180,000 volumes 

 and 5000 manuscripts; the Mazarine library (120,000 volumes and 

 4500 manuscripts) ; the City library ; that of the museum of Natural 

 History at the Jardin-des-riantes, and others. 



The cbaritablo institutions are numerous. There are 17 hospitals, 

 most of them of great extent and admirably regulated. The most 

 important of the non-military hospitals is the Hdtel-Dieu, in the 

 island of La-Cite 1 ; of the military hospitals, tho Hotel-des-Invalides. 

 The patients in nearly all the hospitals of Paris are tended by the 

 admirable Sisters of Charity. There are also 13 asylums, including 

 houses for the blind and for deaf-mutes. Each arrondissement has 

 an office (Bureau-de-Charite') for relieving the destitute at their own 



